Bio 20C Week Three

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Hybrids

Back 1

Results when isolated populations reconnect and produce viable offspring

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Hybrid Zones

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Areas of overlap where interbreeding of separate species occurs. The viability of the hybrid increases the hybrid zone

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Gradualism

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Genetic change is continuous and it slowly accumulates through time. Lots of transitional forms

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Punctuated Equilibrum

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Change in genetics occurs in short bursts. There exists long periods of little genetic change. Predicts that new species will appear rapidly

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Fossil Records support?

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Punctuated Equilibrum

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Molecular Data supports?

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Gradualism

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Evolutionary-Developmental biology

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where paleontology, anatomy, developmental biology, molecular biology, and genetics attempt to explain rapid development of new body plans

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Hox Genes

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Specific genes the regulate body development. Acts like a switch board to turn genes on and off. Hox genes are controlled by other regulatory genes

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Cambrian Explosion

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Major radiation of multicellular animals at the beginning of the paleozoic era. Almost every modern phyla appears during this time.

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Hox Genes Continued

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More Hox genes = more complex body. Gene duplication mutations produce more Hox genes (paralog)

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Mutations and Hox Genes

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Can cause changes in body structure. Ex: Ubx gene causes wings to grow in different thoracic segments on insects

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Orthologs

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Arise from developmental and molecular evolution

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Paralogs

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A result of gene duplication

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Regulatory Gene mutation examples

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Gremlin gene in chickens and ducks for webbed feet. Ubx in insect wings. D11 expression in fish vs. limb buds

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Allometric Growth

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differences in growth rates. Ex: chimp vs. human skull growth

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Paedomorphosis

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Retention of juvenile characteristics in adults. Ex: copepod crustaceans

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Orthologs continued

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Eyeless genes in flies and Pax6 gene in mice. Transplant of pax6 gene into a fly caused eye growth

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Phylogenies

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An evolutionary history for a group of organism.

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Branch

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Populations through time

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Node

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Diverged lineage

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Tip

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extinct or still living species

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Root

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Common ancestor of all organisms in the tree

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Polytomy

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more than 2 groups emerge from a node

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Sister Taxa

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Groups that occupy adjacent branches linked by a node

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Outgroup

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Taxon that diverged prior to a most ancient node of a tree

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Ingroup

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Clade taxa that are the closest related

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Monophylenetic

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Ancestor and all of the descendants (good)

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Polypheletic

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Group of species with different common ancestors (bad)

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Paraphyletic Group

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group with common ancestors, but only some of its descendants (bad)

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Adaptive Radiations

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Represents a period of rapid speciation. Colonization, morphological innovation, and mass extinctions

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Colonization

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Habitat unoccupied by competitors is colonized by a species. Ex: Hawaiian islands and rose finches

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Morphological Innovation

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New innovations all for new resources to be exploited. Ex: Flowers, feathers, mouth part modifications.

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Tools used to create phylogenies

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Fossil Records
Molecular Biology (DNA)
Anatomy/embryology

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Fossils

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Physical trace of an organism that lived in the past.Organically preserved in amber, compressed carbon film, casts, permineralization

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Fossil Limitations

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Habitat Bias, Taxonomic flaw, temporal bias, abundance bias

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Habitat bias

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Burrowing organisms and soft bottom organisms more likely to make fossils

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Taxonomic Flaw with Fossils

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Organisms with hard parts more likely to leave fossils that soft animals like sponges and slugs

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Temporal Bias

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Older organisms less likely to leave fossils

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Abundance Bias

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More numerous organisms are more likely to leave fossils

Front 40

Molecular Clock

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Neutral mutations are used to estimate the time of divergence for lineages. In non-coding DNA

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Flaws with the Molecular Clock

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Some species have very quick generatoins. Mutations can be affected by the environment. Species mutate at different rates. Reverse mutations are possible

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Examples of using the Molecular Clock

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Short term analysis-introns of mitochondrial DNA. High rate of change.
Long Term Analysis-Short subunit of RNA. Slowly changes, conserved pieces of DNA