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170 Cards in this Set
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root system
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the organ system that anchors a plant inplace, absorbs water and dissolved minerals, and may store products of photosynthesis from the shoot system
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shoot system
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the organ system consisting of the leaves, stem(s), and flowers
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leaf
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the chief organ of photosynthesis
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stems
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The organ that holds leaves and/or flowers and transports and distributes materials among the other organs of the plant.
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taproot system
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a root system typical of eudicots consisting of a primary root (taproot) that extends downward by tip growth and outward by initiating lateral roots.
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lateral root
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A root extending outward from the taproot in a taproot system; typical of eudicots
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taproot
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an enlarged, somewhat straight to tapering plant root that grows vertically downward. It forms a center from which other roots sprout laterally
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adventitious roots
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Roots originating from the stem at ground level or below; typical of the fibrous root system of monocots
[Means arriving from outside] |
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fibrous root system
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a root system typical of monocots composed of numerous thin adventitious roots that are all roughly equal in diameter
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phytomer
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the repeating modules that compose a shoot, each consisting of one or more leaves, attached to the stem at a node; an internode; and one or more axillary buds
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node
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a (sometimes enlarged) point on a stem where a leaf is or was attached
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internode
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the region between two nodes of a plant stem
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axillary bud
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a bud that forms in the angle (axil) where a leaf meets a stem
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blade
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the thin, flat portion of a leaf
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petiole
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the stalk of a leaf
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central vacuole
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a large organelle that stores the waste products of metabolism and maintains turgor
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tonoplast
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the membrane of the plant central vacuole
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middle lamella
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a layer of polysaccharides that separates plant cells; a shared middle lamella lies outside the primary walls of the two cells
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primary cell wall
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a structure that forms at the middle lamella after cytokinesis, made up of cellulose microfibrils, hemicelluloses, and pectins
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microfibril
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crosslinked cellulose polymers, forming strong aggregates in the plant cell wall
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protoplast
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the living contents of a plant cell; the plasma membrane and everything contained within it
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secondary cell wall
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a thick, cellulosic structure internal to the primary cell wall formed in some plant cells after cell expansion stops
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lignin
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a complex, hyrophobic polyphenolic polymer in plant cell walls that crosslinks other wall polymers, strengthening the walls, especially in wood
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meristem
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plant tissue made up of undifferentiated actively dividing cells
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suspensor
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in the embryos of seed plants, the stalk of cells that pushes the embryo into the endosperm and is a source of nutrient transport to the embryo
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cotyledons
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A "seed leaf." An embryonic organ that stores and digests reserve materials; may expand when seed germinates
kot-l-eed-n |
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tissue system
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any of three organized groups of tissues -- dermal tissues, vascular tissue, and ground tissue -- that are established during embryogensis and have distinct functions
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dermal tissue system
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the outer covering of a plant, consisting of epidermis in the young plant and periderm in the plant with extensive secondary growth
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ground tissue system
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those parts of the plant body not included in the dermal or vascular tissue systems. Ground tissues function in storage, photosynthesis, and support
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parenchyma
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A plant tissue composed of relatively unspecializedcell without secondary walls
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collenchyma
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A type of plant cell, living at functional maturity, which lends flexible support by virtue of primary cell walls thicked at the corners
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sclerenchyma
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A plant tissue composed of cells with heavily thickened cell walls. The cells are dead at functional maturity. The principal types of sclerenchyma cells are fibers and sclereids.
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fiber
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In angiosperms, an elongated, tapering sclerenchyma cell, usually with a thick cell wall, that serves as a support function in xylem.
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sclereids
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small bundles of sclerenchyma tissue in plants that form durable layers, such as the cores of apples and the gritty texture of pears.
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vascular tissue system
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the transport system of a vascular plant, consisting primarily of xylem and phloem
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xylem
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In vascular plants, the tissue that conducts water and minerals; xylem consists, in various plants, of tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, and other highly specialized cells
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phloem
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in vascular plants, the vascular tissue that transports sugars and other solutes from sources to sinks
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tracheary elements
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either of two types of xylem cells--tracheids and vessel elements--that undergo apoptosis before assuming their transport function
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tracheid
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a type of tracheary element found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants, characterized by tapering ends and walls that are pitted but not perforated
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vessel elements
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a type of tracheary element with perforated end walls; found only in angiosperms
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sieve tube element
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the characteristic cell of the phloem in angiosperms, which contains cytoplasm but relatively few organelles, and whose end walls (sieve plates) contain pores that form connections with neighboring cells
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determinate growth
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a growth pattern in which the growth of an organism or organ ceases when an adult state is reached; characteristic of animals and some plant organs
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indeterminate growth
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refers to growth that is not terminated
in contrast to determinate growth |
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primary growth
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growth that is characterized by the lengthening of roots and shoots and by the proliferation of new roots and shoots through branching
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secondary growth
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growth that contributes to an increase in girth
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primary plant body
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that part of a plant produced by primary growth. Consists of all the nonwoody parts of a plant; many herbaceous plants consist entirely of a primary plant body
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secondary plant body
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that part of a plant produced by secondary growth; consists of woody tissues
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initials
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cells that perpetuate plant meristems, comparable to animal stem cells. When an initial divides, one daughter cell develops into another initial, while the other differentiates into a more specialized cell
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apical meristem
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the meristem at the tip of a shoot or root; responsible for a plant's primary growth
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lateral meristem
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either of the two meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium that give rise to a plant's secondary growth
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primary meristem
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meristem that produces the tissues of the primary plant body
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protoderm
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primary meristem that gives rise to the plant epidermis
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ground meristem
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that part of an apical meristem that gives rise to ground tissue system of the primary plant body
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procambrium
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primary meristem that produces the vascular tissue
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root cap
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a thimble-shaped mass of cells, produced by the root apical meristem, that protects the meristem; the organ that perceives the gravitational stimulus in root gravitropism
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epidermis
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in plants and animals, the outermost cell layers (only one layer thick in plants)
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cortex
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the tissue between the epidermis and the vascular tissue of a stem or root
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endodermis
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a specialized cell layer marking the inside of the cortex in roots and some stems Frequently a barrier to free diffusion
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stele
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the central cylinder of vascular tissue in a plant system
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pericycle
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in plant roots, tissue just within the endodermis, but outside of the root vascular tissue. Meristematic activity of pericycle cells produces lateral root primordria
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pith
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relatively unspecialized tissue found within a cylinder of vascular tissue
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vascular bundle
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in vascular plants, a strand of vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem as well as thick-walled fibers
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vegetative meristem
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an apical meristem that produces leaves
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mesophyll
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chloroplast-containing, photosynthetic cells in the interior of leaves
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vascular cambium
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a lateral meristem that gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem
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cork cambium
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a lateral meristem that produces secondary growth, mainly in the form of waxy-walled protective cells, including some of the cells that become bark
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wood
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secondary xylem tissue
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periderm
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the outer tissue of the secondary plant body, consisting primarily of cork
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bark
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all tissues external to the vascular cambium of a plant
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culivar
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a crop plant variety; a member of a species that has been artifically selected for one or more of its useful traits
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Svaldbard Global Seed Vault
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A safe in Norway where seeds are stored.
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angiosperm
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flowering plant
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When did angiosperms first appear?
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~140 mya
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About how many angiosperm species exist today?
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~250,000
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What are two major features of flower?
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modified leaves and stems
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What does vegetative mean?
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Nonsexual plant parts
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What three kinds of vegetative organs do angiosperms possess?
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roots, stems, and leaves
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morphology
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the overall form of a plant
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anatomy
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the internal component cells and tissues and their arrangement
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What's the name of the seed vault on the Norweigian island of Spitsbergen?
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault
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When did angiosperms first appear?
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~140 mya
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How many angiosperm species exist today?
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~250,000
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angiosperm
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flowering plant
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vegetative
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nonsexual
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What are the three kinds of vegetative organs of angiosperms?
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roots, stems, and leaves
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morphology
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the overall form of a plant
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anatomy
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the arrangement of a plant
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What is the chief organ of photosynthesis?
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leaves
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What two major clades do angiosperms belong to?
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monocots and eudicots
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clade
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a single "branch" on the "tree of life"
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monocot
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generally narrow-leaved flowering plants such as grasses, lilies, orchids, and palms
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eudicot
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broad-leaved flowering plants such as soybeans, roses, sunflowers, and maples
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Which is typically larger, the root system or the shoot system of a plant?
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the root system
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radicle
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the embryonic root of an angiosperm
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What are the functions of the taproot?
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often a nutrient storage organ
e.g., in carrots, sugar beets, sweet potatoes |
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monocot roots are generally ____-lived
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short-lived
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adventitious roots
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originating from the stem at ground level or below
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adventitious roots form:
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a fibrous root system
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Why do most fibrous roots have a large surface area?
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for the absorption of water and minerals
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What is the central function of stems?
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To elevate and support the photosynthetic and reproductive organs
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bud
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an undeveloped shoot
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If it becomes active, an axillary bud can develop into a new ________
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branch, or extension of the shoot system
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phyllotaxy
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the arragement of leaves along the stem; often characteristic of the plant species
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What is the tuber of a potato?
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It is not a root, but rather an underground stem
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What are the "eyes" of a potato?
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depressions containing axillary buds; a sprouting potato is just a branching stem (and not roots)
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tuber
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a modified stem
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tendrils
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modified portions of leaves that support the plant by wrapping around other structures or plants
seen in peas |
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What distinguishes plants from many other eukaryotic cells (name three)?
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chloroplasts or other plastids
a central vacuole Rigid, cellulose-containing cell walls |
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vacuole
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a watery sac containing a high concentration of solutes, including enzymes, amino acids, and sugars produced by photosynthesis
exerts turgor pressure as it expands |
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purpose of turgor pressure?
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keeps plants upright and also essential for plant growth
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Purpose of cell walls?
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serve to regulate cell volume, determine cell shape, and protect the cell contents
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sequester
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to remove or separate.
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cellulose is made up of:
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linear polymers of thousands of glucose molecules
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hemicellulose
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highly branched polysaccharide chains that extensively cross-link the cellulose microfibrils
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pectin
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heterogenous polysaccharides that are more soluble than the other components
(responsible for the gel properties of fruit jam and jellie) |
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How drastically can a cell increase in volume?
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Some can by 100,000 to 1,000,000 times!
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The cell wall responds to the increasing size of the protoplast by loosening the linkages between
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cellulose microfibrils
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____ cell walls are seen in thick, large stems
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secondary cell walls
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What is the most abundant biological polymer on Earth?
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cellulose
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What is the second most abundant biological polymer on Earth?
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lignin
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TMV
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tobacco mosaic virus
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1 ft = ? meters
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~ 0.3
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basal-apical axis
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the arrangement of cells and tissues along the main axis from root to shoot
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radial xis
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the concentric arrangement of the tissue systems
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embryogenesis
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embryo formation
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What are the three tissue systems?
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dermal, vascular, and ground
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epidermis
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outer covering
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periderm
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the dermal tissue of roots and woody plants
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three epidermal cell structures:
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stomatal guard cells
trichomes root hairs |
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stomatal guard cells
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form stomata (pores) for gas exchange in leaves
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trichomes
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leaf hairs; provide protection against insects and damage from solar radiation
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root hairs
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greatly increase root surface area, thus providing more surface for the uptake of water and mineral nutrients
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stomata
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pores
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cuticles are made of?
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cutin, waxes, et cetera
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cutin
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polymer composed of long chains of fatty acids
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purpose of the cutcle?
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to limit water loss, reflect solar radiation, and block pathogens
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Function of ground tissues:
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storage, support, photosynthesis
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three ground tissue cell types:
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parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma
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Most common cell type in plants?
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parenchyma
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programmed cell death
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Apoptosis
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The two types of sclerenchyma cells?
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fibers
sclereids |
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Which of the ground tissue cells is notable for apoptsis?
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sclerenchyma
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What are the two vascular system tissues?
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xylem
phloem |
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The two types of tracheary elements are:
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tracheids and vessel elements
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sessile
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attached by the base, or without any distinct projecting support, as a leaf issuing directly from the stem.
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indeterminate growth
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refers to growth that is not terminated
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determinate growth
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where growth stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed
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terminal bud contains a _____
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shoot apical meristem
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In woody plants, what thickens the stem and root?
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vascular cambium and cork cambium
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What cells perpatuate the meristems?
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The initials
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What are the two types of meristems?
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vascular cambium and cork cambium
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primary growth leads to elongations of ____ and formation of _______
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elongation of shoots and roots; formation of organs
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What are the three primary meristem types?
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protoderm
ground meristem procambium |
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protoderm leads to what tissue?
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dermal tissue system
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ground meristem leads to what tissue?
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ground tissue system
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procambrium leads to what tissue systeM?
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vascular tissue system
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zone of cell division
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the source of all the cells of the root's primary tissues
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zone of cell elongation
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where the newly formed cells are elongating and thus pushing the root farther into the soil
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zone of maturation
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where the cells are differentiating, taking on specialized forms and functions
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the protoderm gives rise to the ______
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epidermis
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cortex
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a region of ground tissue many cells thick
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the innermost layer of the cortex is the ________
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endodermis
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suberin
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a waterproof substance found in the endodermal cell walls
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pith stores
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carbohydrate reserves
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shoots are composed of:
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repeating modules called phytomers
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shoots grow by:
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adding new phytomers
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phtosynthesis involves the exchange of ____ and____
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O2 and CO2 gasses
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wood is?
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secondary xylem
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cork
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a protective tissue composed of cells with thick walls waterproofed with suberin
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lenticels
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spongy regions in the periderm that allow gas exchange
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