Bio 204 Lecture 1

Front 1

upper respiratory tract includes ?

Back 1

Nose (including nasal sinuses)
Pharynx

Front 2

lower respiratory system includes ?

Back 2

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs (including pulmonary circulation)

Front 3

mucous membrane consists of ?

Back 3

olfactory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells

Front 4

name each of the 3 sections of the pharynx and what lines it if applicable

Back 4

nasopharynx
oropharynx - stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx - stratified squamous epithelium

Front 5

3 single pieces of cartilage in larynx

Back 5

thyroid
eppiglottis
cricoid

Front 6

3 paired pieces of cartilage in larynx

Back 6

arytenoid
cuneiform
corniculate

Front 7

divides into left and right bronchi

Back 7

trachea

Front 8

bronchial secretions contain __________ to help resist infectinos.

Back 8

antibodies

Front 9

list divisions of bronchial tree (start with trachea)

Back 9

trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts/sacs
alveoli

Front 10

surface in the lungs through which O2 and CO2 diffuse

Back 10

respiratory membrane

Front 11

4 structural changes in walls of lower respiratory tract

Back 11

-decrease in cartilage
-layer of smooth muscle & elastic connective tissue is acquired
-epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonciliated simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles
-apical surface of alveolar epithelium is covered w/ pulmonary surfactant

Front 12

where does the cartilage in the respiratory tract stop?

Back 12

bronchioles

Front 13

smooth muscle in the respiratory tract is innervated by ?

Back 13

parasympathetic nerves originating in the vagus (X) nerve; there is NO sympathetic innervation

Front 14

? activity by the parasympathetic system causes bronchi to constrict & secrete mucus; ? causes dilation

Back 14

cholinergic
circulating epinephrine

histamine also causes constriction

Front 15

ciliated epithelium sweep inhaled particles out of the respiratory tract into the pharynx

Back 15

muco-ciliary escalator

Front 16

phagocytic cells derived from monocytes that ingest bacteria and dust particles in the respiratory tract

Back 16

pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs = dust cells)

Front 17

release lysosomal enzymes after ingesting lots of silica, asbestos, or smoke

Back 17

PAMs

Front 18

secrete pulmonary surfactant

Back 18

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

Front 19

membrane attached to surface of lung v. membrane attached to wall of thoracic cavity

Back 19

visceral, parietal

Front 20

air in pleural space; can lead to collapsed lung

Back 20

pneumothorax

Front 21

the lungs own blood supply is supplied by the ?

Back 21

bronchial arteries

Front 22

4 components of respiratory membrane

Back 22

-thin film of alveolar fluid w/ pulmonary surfactant
-alveolar epithelium
-thin interstitial space bet. alveolar epithelium & pulmonary capillary
-vascular endothelial cells of the capillary wall

Front 23

to reach a RBC, O2 does NOT need to diffuse through the plasma after passing through the capillary wall. why not?

Back 23

RBCs have a diamater of 6 microns; the pulmonary capillaries have a diameter of 5 microns; therefore, the RBCs "squeeze" through the capillaries

Front 24

partial pressure of a gas in a mixture = ?

Back 24

fraction of gas in mixture * total pressure of mixture

Front 25

air @ sea level is mostly ?

Back 25

nitrogen

Front 26

expired air is a mixture of ?

Back 26

dead space air and alveolar air

Front 27

expired air has more/less O2 and more/less CO2 than alveolar air.

Back 27

more; less

Front 28

expired air has more/less O2 and more/less CO2 than atmospheric air.

Back 28

less; more

Front 29

ventilation = ?

Back 29

frequency * depth of breathing

Front 30

pulmonary blood flow = ?

Back 30

Q; equal to cardiac output

Front 31

failure to match ventilation & blood flow is called ?

Back 31

ventilation/perfusion mismatch

Front 32

scan in which patient breathes krypton & is then injected with radioactive microspheres, which are trapped in capillaries in proportion to local blood flow

Back 32

V/Q scan

Front 33

causes of ventilation-perfusion mismatch

Back 33

-hypoventilation
-airway blockage and alveolar collapse (atelectasis)
-adequate ventilation but inadequate blood flow (e.g. clotting)

Front 34

pulmonary arteries branch off the ?, supply deoxygenated blood from the ? ventricle to the pulmonary arterioles & capillaries, which drain into the pulmonary ?, which finally drain into the ? atrium

Back 34

pulmonary trunk; right ventricle; veins/venules; left

Front 35

the lungs contain ?% of the total blood in the circulatory system

Back 35

9

Front 36

pulmonary vessels have high/low resistance and high/low pressure

Back 36

low; low

Front 37

flow through pulmonary circulation = ? = flow through ?

Back 37

cardiac output; aorta

Front 38

causes of pulmonary edema

Back 38

-increase in hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries due to left heart failure or mitral valve stenosis
-increase in capillary permeability due to endotoxins from bacteria or irritant gases

Front 39

the vascular endothelium of the pulmonary capillaries contain?

Back 39

ACE!

Front 40

what does ACE do?

Back 40

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor)

Front 41

volume of air moved in/out during quiet respiration

Back 41

tidal volume

Front 42

volume of air one can breathe out after a max. inspiration

Back 42

vital capacity

Front 43

max. volume that can be inhaled after a Normal expiration

Back 43

inspiratory capacity

Front 44

max. volume that can be inhaled after you have completed a normal inspiration

Back 44

inspiratory reserve volume

Front 45

max. volume that can be exhaled after you have completed a normal expiration

Back 45

expiratory reserve volume

Front 46

two volumes that CANNOT be determined by spirometry

Back 46

residual volume; functional residual capacity

Front 47

volume of gas that still remains in the lung after you have breathed out as much as you possibly can

Back 47

residual volume

Front 48

volume of gas in the lung after a normal expiration (includes residual volume)

Back 48

functional residual capacity

Front 49

volume of respiratory system minus volume of alveoli

Back 49

anatomic dead space

Front 50

volume of air in respiratory system that does not equilibrate with the blood (i.e. anatomical dead space + dead space due to blockage)

Back 50

total (physiological dead space)

Front 51

lungs return passively to their expired positions b/c of their elasticity

Back 51

elastic recoil

Front 52

opposite of elastic recoil

Back 52

compliance

Front 53

elasticity of lungs is due to ?

Back 53

-elasticity of lung tissue
-surface tension forces generated at alveolar-air interface

Front 54

surface tension forces are more/less important than tissue elasticity in determining lung elasticity

Back 54

MORE!!!

Front 55

composition of pulmonary surfactant

Back 55

90% lipids, 10% proteins, small amounts of carbohydrates

Front 56

lipids in pulmonary surfactant

Back 56

DPPC

Front 57

proteins in pulmonary surfactant

Back 57

SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D

Front 58

2 functions of pulmonary surfactant

Back 58

-reduce surface tension of the alveolar-air interface, making it easier to inflate lungs
-stabilize alveoli during deflation, preventing collapse

Front 59

adult respiratory distress syndrome is caused by ?

Back 59

abnormality of pulmonary surfactant; increase surface tension at alveolar-air interface

Front 60

infant respiratory distress syndrome is caused by ?

Back 60

lack of pulmonary surfactant (no cortisol to produce it)

Front 61

treatment of RDS

Back 61

surfactant replacement therapy w/ Exosurf, Surfaxin, Infasurf, Survanta --> contain DPPC