Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
menstrual cycle's timekeeper
|
ovary
|
|
|
when a girl is born, her eggs are in this stage
|
primary oocytes
|
|
|
process of oocyte death (happens up to puberty)
|
atresia
|
|
|
the first polar body is formed at the same time as the ? oocyte.
|
secondary
|
|
|
the second polar body is formed at the same time as the ?.
|
ovum
|
|
|
metaphase arrest of secondary oocyte is caused by ?
|
cytostatic factor (CSF)
|
|
|
CSF inactivates ?
|
M-phase-promoting factor (MPF)
|
|
|
in what stage of the egg is it ovulated?
|
"mature" secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase)
|
|
|
structure around the oocyte
|
follicle
|
|
|
cells in follicle closest to the oocyte
|
granulosa cells
|
|
|
granulosa cells are surrounded by ?
|
theca cells
|
|
|
the granulosa cells use ? provided by the theca cells to make and secrete ?
|
androgens
estradiol |
|
|
when the female fetus is in the womb, cells around primary oocyte secrete ? to separate them from surrounding stoma.
|
basal lamina
|
|
|
primary oocyte + basal lamina are called ?
|
primordial follicle
|
|
|
follicle cells in the unborn female become the ?, and the structure is now called a ?
|
granulosa cells
primary follicle |
|
|
glycoproteins secreted by granulosa cells to surround the primary oocyte
|
zona pellucida
|
|
|
central area where fluid starts to accumulate during the second stage
|
antrum
|
|
|
dominant follicle
|
Graafian follicle
|
|
|
3 phases of menstrual/ovarian cycle
|
1. follicular phase
2. ovulatory phase 3. luteal phase |
|
|
hormones involved in menstrual cycle & their origins
|
hypothalamic GRH (hypothalamus)
LH & FSH (anterior pituitary) estradiol, progesterone, inhibin (ovary) |
|
|
t/f, GRH has to be released in pulses in order for LH & FSH to be released.
|
true
|
|
|
four stages in uterus change during the menstrual cycle
|
proliferative
secretory ischemic (=premenstrual) menstrual |
|
|
proliferative phase is caused by ?
|
estradiol secreted by granulosa cells
|
|
|
secretory phase is caused by ?
|
progesterone secreted by luteal cells
|
|
|
ischemic phase is triggered by ?
|
progesterone withdrawal caused by degeneration of corpus luteum
|
|
|
reduction in progesterone causes increase in ?, which causes vasoconstrictor spasms
|
prostaglandin
|
|
|
menstrual phase is a result of ?
|
ischemia caused by vasoconstrictor spasms
|
|
|
3 structures formed by zygote
|
-embryo
-3 membranes assoc. with it -fetal part of placenta (there is also a maternal part) |
|
|
granulosa cells attached to the "mature" secondary oocyte
|
corona radiata
|
|
|
steps of spermatozoa penetration into seconary oocyte
|
-penetrates corona radiata
-binds to zona pellucida -acrosome reaction -penetration of zona pellucida -fusion of plasma membrane w/ secondary oocyte membrane -cortical reaction |
|
|
change in zona pellucida that prevents other sperm from entering egg
|
cortical reaction
|
|
|
how/when is meiosis II completed by the secondary oocyte?
|
-sperm entering cytoplasm triggers increase in Ca+ causing oocyte to proceed w/ meiosis
|
|
|
the male and female ? merge and form the zygote
|
pronuclei
|
|
|
embryo stage
|
conception to 8th-9th week
|
|
|
fetus stage
|
8th-9th week to birth
|
|
|
16-cell embryo
|
morula (little mulberry)
|
|
|
60-100 cell stage, a ? forms within the ball which is now called a ?
|
blastocoel
blastocyst |
|
|
cells inside blastocyst called the ? form the embryo proper; other cells form a sphere called the ?
|
inner cell mass
trophoblast |
|
|
presence of ? from the corpus luteum is essential for implantation & sustenance of the embryo
|
progesterone
|
|
|
implantation occurs on the ? day after OVULATION
|
7th
|
|
|
3 steps in implantation
|
-zona pellucida dissolves
-trophoblast attaches to endometrium -placenta forms |
|
|
3 primary germ layers
|
ectoderm
mesoderm endoderm |
|
|
name for embryo during the second week when it is developing 3 primary germ layers
|
embryonic disk
|
|
|
anmion develops from ?
|
ectoderm
|
|
|
yolk sac (and allantois) form from ?
|
endoderm
|
|
|
chorion develops from ?
|
trophoblast
|
|
|
extension of the yolk sac
|
allantois
|
|
|
thickened endometrial lining
|
decidua
|
|
|
t/f, the villi carrying blood from the embryo become surrounded by sinuses containing maternal blood
|
true
|
|
|
segmented structures that develop into skeletal muscles & vertebrae
|
somites
|
|
|
curls over to give rise to the neural tube and the CNS
|
neural plate
|
|
|
2 hormonal stages of pregnancy
|
luteal & placental
|
