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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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region between lungs; houses the heart
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mediastinum
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double-layered serous membrane covering the heart
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pericardium
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outer layer of pericardium
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parietal pericardium
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inner layer of pericardium; part of heart wall
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visceral pericardium
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visceral pericardium is usually called ?
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epicardium
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space between parietal pericardium and epicardium
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pericardial cavity
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3 layers of heart wall
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epicardium (visceral pericardium)
myocardium endocardium |
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characteristics of cardiac muscle
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involuntary, branched, striated
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ridges on inner surface of myocardium
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trabeculae carneae
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separate atria/ventricles
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interatrial/interventricular septa
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right AV valve name
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tricupsid
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tendon-like fibrous cords that connect leaflets of valves to papillary muscles
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chordae tendineae
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fingerlike muscular projections in ventricles
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papillary muscles
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name for right semilunar valve
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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left AV valve name
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bicuspid AKA mitral
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name for left semilunar valve
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aortic semilunar valve
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6 stages of cardiac cycle
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filling
artrial systole isovolumic ventricular contraction ejection isovolumic ventricular relaxation onset of filling (stage 1) |
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which valves are open/closed in diastole?
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mitral & tricuspid (AV valves)= OPEN
pulmonary & aortic semilunar = CLOSED |
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atrial diastole follows which stage?
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atrial systole
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ventricular diastole follows which stage?
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ejection
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when are all four valves closed?
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isovolumic relaxation
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phase of reduced filling (filling is at first rapid, then reduced)
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diastasis
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rapid oscillation of aortic pressure after the aortic semilunar valve closes
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incisura AKA dicrotic notch
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t/f, the ANS can modify myocardial contractility & heart rate.
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true!
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force of contraction for a GIVEN cardiac muscle fiber length
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myocardial contractility
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t/f, the heart is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS.
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true!
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sympathetic stimulation acts on two regions of the heart. what are they?
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sinus node
cardiac muscle |
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how does sympathetic stimulation affect the sinus node?
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causes heart rate to increase
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how does sympathetic stimulation affect cardiac muscle?
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increases myocardial contractility (and therefore stroke volume)
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sympathetic stimulation increases/decreases cardiac output.
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increases
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the sympathetic/parasympathetic dominates at rest.
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parasympathetic
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which nerves must be cut to eliminate the parasympathetic effect on the heart?
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vagus nerves (X)
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centrol control of heart
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vasomotor/cardiac center
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where is the vasomotor center?
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in the medulla
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brain regions controlling the vasomotor center
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hypothalamus
reticular formation of brain stem limbic system |
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the ventricles are innervated only by the ?
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sympathetic system
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released at sympathetic nerve terminals
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NE
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released at parasympathetic nerve terminals
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AcCh
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acts on beta-adrenergic receptors
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NE
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acts on nicotinic & muscarinic receptors
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AcCh
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blocks NE
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beta-blockers
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blocks AcCh @ muscarinic receptors
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atropine
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agents that affect the force of muscular contractions
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inotropic agents
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agents that affect the rate of muscular contractions
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chronotropic agents
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interfere w/ intracellular rise of calcium; can stop cardiac muscle from beating
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calcium channel blockers
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example of calcium channel blocker
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verapamil
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can increase intracellular calcium levels, increasing myocardial contractility
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digitalis
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beta-adrenergic receptor blocker
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propranolol
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parasympathtic neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
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AcCh
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muscarinic receptor blocker
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atropine
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component of digitalis
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ouabain
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alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker
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phentolamine
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