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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mechanisms of Evolution |
-genetic drift -gene flow -assortative mating -mutation -natural selection
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positive assortative mating |
likes mate with likes |
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inbreeding |
genetically alike individuals mate more frequently with each other than genetically different individuals |
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selfing |
extreme form of inbreeding when individuals mate with own self |
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sexual selection |
-survival of the sexiest -differential reproductive success due to variation among individuals in obtaining mates -results in traits that increase success in competition for mates |
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male-male competition |
-males battle it out to gain territory or mating rights -females passively mate with males when they are in his harem -neither males or females are choosey -few males mate, some males mate a lot |
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female choice |
1. pick the prettiest 2. pick those most likely to help rear offspring 3. pick those with the highest fitness/ best genes |
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anisogamy |
when females make fewer more "expensive" gametes |
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differences in allocation (male vs. female) |
-male: get as many mates as possible -female: pick only the fittest males
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"good-genes" hypothesis |
males that maintain their appearance have... -the best genes -the lowest parasite loads
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assortative mating |
when certain traits are picked over others by members of the opposite sex
then those traits are inherited by future generations |
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sex |
exchange of genetic information |
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monogamy |
one male mates with one female |
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polygamy |
individuals mate with more than one partner |
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polgyny |
some males mate with more than one female |
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polyandry |
some females mate with more than one male |
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promiscuity |
males mate with more than one female and vice versa |
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theory of Machiavellian intelligence |
-model social situations -manipulate others -gain social power and wealth |
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Darwin's 2 types of sexual selection |
1. male-male competition 2. female choice
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microevolution |
patterns and processes within populations |
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macroevolution |
patterns and processes across species |
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Biological species concept (Mayr) |
actually or potentially reproductively isolated populations |
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Morphological species concept |
differences in size, shape, or other morphological features among populations |
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speciation event |
evolution of 2 species from a common ancestor
aka "cladogenesis" |
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vicariance |
barrier separates population into two or more isolated populations |
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dispersal |
new population founded from original population |
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species |
evolutionarily independent groups of individuals |
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anagenesis |
change of a single lineage over time |
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cladogenesis |
when 1 species divides into 2 species |
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secondary contact |
when former species come back into contact |
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incipient species |
-limited gene flow between populations -genetic differentiation lost -hybrids are not fit |
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polyploidy |
individual who has 2 or more sets of chromosomes -can lead to reproductive isolation |
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models of selection |
-stabilizing -directional -disruptive -balancing |
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balancing selection |
maintains genetic polymorphism in population -heterozygote advantage -ex.) sickle cell anemia: heterozygotes have a fitness advantage in malaria-prone regions of the world
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stabilizing selection |
reduces the amount of variation in a trait |
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directional selection |
changes the average value of the trait |
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disruptive selection |
increases the amount of variation in a trait |
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phylogeny |
evolutionary tree -displays patterns of speciation and descent |
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monophyletic group (clade) |
ancestor, all its descendants, and only its descendants |
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polyphyletic group (grade) |
one or more ancestors and some of their descendants |
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synapomorphy |
a homology that is shared by all the descendants of an ancestor and only the descendants of an ancestor |
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plesiomorphy |
an ancestral character state |
