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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What system includes the skin, epidermis and dermis, hypodermis, hair and nails, and the cutaneous glands?
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Integumentary System
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What is the largest organ of the body?
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Skin
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How much of our body weight does skin make up?
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15%
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What are the two layers of skin?
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epidermis and dermis
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What is the subcutaneous layer?
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hypodermis
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Where are the types of cells that make up the epidermis?
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Is the epidermis vascularized?
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No
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How many layers make up the epidermis?
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5
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What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
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Stratum Basale
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What cell is characterized by cells that divide rapidly and has meitosis occuring mainly at night?
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Stem Cells
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What are the cells that produce tough fibrous protein?
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Keratinocytes
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What are the cells that produce a protective pigment?
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Melanocytes
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What cell phagocytize melanin?
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Keratinocytes
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What type of melanin is black/brown?
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Eumelanin
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What type of melanin is reddish-yellow?
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Pheomelanin
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What are cells that sense touch?
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Merkel or Tactile Cells
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What is the second deepest layer of the epidermis?
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Stratum Spinosum
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What layer of the epidermis is the thickest?
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Stratum Spinosum
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What does increased keratin filaments do to cells?
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It causes them to flatten
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What types of cells alert the immune system to foreign invaders?
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Dendritic cells
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What layer of the epidermis is the third deepest?
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Stratum Granulosum
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What layer of the epidermis contains dying cells?
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Stratum Granulosum
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In what layer are lipids released from vesicles?
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Stratum Granulosum
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Where is the protein-lipid epidermal water barrier formed?
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Stratum Granulosum
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Why do cells above the stratum granulosum die?
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They are cutoff from nutrients by the protein-lipid water barrier
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What epidermal layer is thin and translucent?
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Stratum Lucidum
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Where is stratum lucidum exclusively found?
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In thick skin only
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What are the cells found in the stratum lucidum filled with?
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eleidin
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What is elidin?
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The intermediate product of keratin production
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What layer of the epidermis is characterized of up to thirty layers of dead scaly keratinized cells?
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Stratum Corneum
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What is the term for the flaking off of surface cells?
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exfoliate
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How thick is the dermal layer?
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.2mm to 4mm
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What is the dermis composed of?
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Collagen with elastic and reticular fibers.
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Is the dermis vascular?
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Yes
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Where are accessory structures (hair follicles, sebaceous glands, etc) located?
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Dermis
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What is the underlying cause of fingerprints?
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Dermal papillae
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What muscles cause goosebumps?
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piloerector muscles
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How many layers form the dermis?
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Two
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What is the upper layer of the dermis?
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Papillary Layer
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What is the lower layer of the dermis?
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Reticular Layer
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What layer is loosely organized areolar tissue that allows for motility of white blood cells?
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Papillary
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What layer contains thick collagen, dense irregular connective tissue, and adipocytes?
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Reticular Layer
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Where is the hypodermis located?
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Between the skin and muscle
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Why would the hypodermis have a lot of adipose tissue?
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It provides cushioning, acts as an energy reservoir, and is a thermal insulator from the outside environment.
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What molecule shows a red pigment?
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Hemoglobin
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What molecule exhibits a yellow pigment from diet?
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Carotene
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Which molecule can produce yellow, brown, black and reddish hues?
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Melanin
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What is the condition of blueness from a deficiency of oxygen?
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Cyanosis
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What is the condition of redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels?
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Erythema
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What is the condition of a golden-brown color?
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Bronzing or Addison Disease
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What is the pale color from lack of blood flow?
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Pallor
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What is a genetic lack of melanin?
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Albinism
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What is the term for a bruise?
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Hematoma
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What is the term for birthmarks?
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Hemangiomas
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What are hemangiomas?
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Discolored skin caused by a benign tumor
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What are flat aggregations of melanocytes?
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Freckles
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What are elevated melanized skin called?
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Moles
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What is formed by the repeated closing of the hand?
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Flexion creases
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Where can flexion lines be found?
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Wrist and Elbow areas
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What are six functions of the skin?
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Barrier
Vitamin D Synthesis Cutaneous Absorption Thermoregulation Phychological and Social Sensory Functions |
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What vitamins are easily absorbed by the skin?
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A, D, E, K (all fat soluble)
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What is the function of Vitamin D?
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The regulation of calcium and phosphate levels
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Where are nails derived from?
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Stratum Corneum
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What would a spoon shaped nail indicate?
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An iron deficiency
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What would clubbing of the nail indicate?
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Hypoxemia
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What is the growth rate of nails?
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About 1mm/week
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Where does the nail grow from?
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The nail matrix at the proximal edge of the nail
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What are hair and nails composed of?
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Hard Keratin
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What differentiates hard and soft keratin?
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The disulfide bridges between molecules
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What are the three different structures of the hair?
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Shaft
Root Follicle |
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What keeps hair on the body?
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The cells of the follicle interlocking with the scales of the cuticle
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What is hair color due to?
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The amount of melanin
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Where does mitosis occur in growing hair?
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Stratum basale of epithelial root sheath
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What is the condition of abnormal hairiness in women and children?
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Hirsutism
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Is human hair grown for warmth?
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No
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What are the four types of cutaneous glands?
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Sebaceous
Mammary Ceruminous Sweat (sudoriferous) |
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What do the sebaceous glands secrete?
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Sebum
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What are the two classifications of sweat glands?
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Merocrine and Apocrine
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Which type of sweat gland is the most numerous?
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Merocrine
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What type of sweat gland can be located in the groin, anal, axillary and beard?
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Apocrine
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What do the ceruminous glands produce?
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Cerumen (earwax)
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What are some functions of earwax or cerumen?
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Waterproof and keep eardrum flexible and the bitterness repels pests
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What is the inflammation of the skin?
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Dermatitis
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What is Tinea?
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A fungal infection
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What is a red rash of the nose and cheeks?
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Rosacea
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What are recurring patches of scaly white/yellow inflammation?
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Seborrheic dermatitis
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What are warts?
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A viral infection (human papilloma virus)
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What happens when there is inflammation of sebaceous glands?
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Acne
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What is the cause of an increase of sebaceous gland size?
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Male sex hormones
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What do microorganisms eat from the sebum?
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Glycerol
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What is the term for whiteheads?
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Comedos
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What is the term for a blackhead?
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Open comedo
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What is a drug that can inhibit sebum production?
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Accutane
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What is the most common form of eczema?
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Atopic Eczema
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What is a treatment of Atopic Eczema that encompases the use of lotions, creams, and ointments?
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Emollients
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What is Psoriasis?
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An immune-mediated skin disease that has abnormal epithelial growth
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What type of fracture is broken in three or more pieces?
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Comminuted
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What type of fracture is diagonal?
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Oblique
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What is the most common bone disease?
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Osteoporosis
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What is an infection of the bone?
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Osteomyelitis
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What is a benign tumor of the bone and cartilage?
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Osteochondroma
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What is bone cancer?
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Osteosarcoma
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What is a slow-growing cancer of hyaline cartilage?
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Chondrosarcoma
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What is the study of joints called?
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Arthrology
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What type of movement does an amphiarthrosis have?
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Sleight
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What type of joint has little or no movement?
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synarthrosis
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What types of joints are sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses?
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Fibrous
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What types of joints are synchondroses or symphyses
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Cartilaginous
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What type of joint is a synostoses?
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Bony
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What are the three tpes of sutures?
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Serrate
Lap (squamous) Plane (butt) |
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What type of suture holds teeth in place?
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Gomphoses
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What type of suture exists between the fibula and tibia
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Syndesmoses
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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
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Synchondroses and Symphyses
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What type of joint joins the epiphyses and diaphysis of the long bones?
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Bony Joints
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What is the name of a joint that is separated by a fluid-filled space?
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Synovial Joint
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What is the part of the synovial joint that is continuous with the periosteum?
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Articular Capsule
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What is synovial fluid rich in?
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Albumin and Hyaluronic Acid
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What does a tendon attach?
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Muscle to bone
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What does a ligament attach?
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Bone to bone
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What allows joints to slide more easily past eachother?
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Bursa
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What type of joint is used where the humerus attaches into the glenoid cavity of the scapula?
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Ball and Socket Joint
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What type of joint is characteristic of the ulna and humerus at the elbow?
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Hinge Joint
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What type of joint is characterized by the trapexiometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb?
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Saddle Joint
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What joint allows the rotation of the head?
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Pivot Joint
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What types of joints are found intercarpal?
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Giding Joints
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What types of joints are found at the radiocarpal joint of the wrist?
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Condyloid
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What type of movement is considered flexion?
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Decreasing the angle, bending the elbow or wrist
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What type of movement straightens a joint?
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Extension
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What type of movement is away from the midsagittal line?
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Abduction
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What type of movement raises a bone vertically?
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Elevation
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What type of movement move a bone anteriorly?
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Protraction
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What are the three types of arthritis?
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Rheumatoid
Gouty Osteoarthritis |
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What type of arthritis is caused from wear and tear?
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Osteoarthritis
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What type of arthritis is an excess uric acid buildup?
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Gouty
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What ligament secures the proximal radioulnar joint?
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Anular Ligament
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