Bio 201 Exam 1

Front 1

Properties of Life?

Back 1

Order, Growth&Development, Reproduction, Response to environment, Adaptation, Energy processing, Regulation

Front 2

Smallest unit of capable life?

Back 2

Cell

Front 3

3 characteristics shared by all cells?

Back 3

Enclosed by a membrane, DNA, cytoplasm

Front 4

2 main forms of cells?

Back 4

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

Front 5

Living organisms divided into which domains?

Back 5

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Front 6

Charles Darwin's theory?

Back 6

Evolution by natural selection

Front 7

Darwin & evolution: moth example?

Back 7

same moth long time ago. descendants grew to different colors because of nature of environment

Front 8

Scientific Inquiry?

Back 8

A search for information & explanation, often focuses on specific questions

Front 9

2 main types of scientific inquiry?

Back 9

Discovery Science & Hypothesis-based Science

Front 10

Discovery Science?

Back 10

Describing nature through careful observation & data analysis

Front 11

Hypothesis-based Science?

Back 11

Explaining nature by proposing and testing hypothesis

Front 12

Examples of Discovery Science?

Back 12

Understanding cell structure, expanding databases of genomes

Front 13

Role of hypothesis in inquiry?

Back 13

Tentative answer to a well-framed question. Making a prediction that can be tested (ie the broken flashlight picture)

Front 14

First 3 electron orbitals?

Back 14

1s, 2s, 2p

Front 15

How many electrons in the first 3 orbitals?

Back 15

10. 1s=2, 2s=2, 2p=6

Front 16

Stable vs Unstable atoms?

Back 16

Stable if valence shell = filled. Unstable if not.

Front 17

Ionic bond?

Back 17

increases stability. Metal + nonmetal

Front 18

Covalent bond?

Back 18

Also increases stability. Nonmetal + nonmetal.

Front 19

Van der Waals interactions?

Back 19

Force of attraction between Molecules

Front 20

Properties of water?

Back 20

Cohesive (water attracted to other water, related to surface tension), Temperature Stabilizer, high specific heat, good solvent,

Front 21

Surface Tension?

Back 21

How hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

Front 22

Water as temperature stabilizer?

Back 22

Absorbs heat from warmer air, releases heat to cooler air. Can absorb/release large amounts of heat with only slight change to its own temperature. Resists change in its own temp b/c of high specific heat.

Front 23

Water's specific heat?

Back 23

1 cal/g/ºC

Front 24

Specific Heat?

Back 24

Amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost to change 1g of of that substance by 1 degree C

Front 25

Large amounts of heat and coastal areas?

Back 25

Large amounts of water creates milder climate, hence mild coastlines.

Front 26

Water as solvent?

Back 26

Good solvent. Dissolves ionic substances well.

Front 27

Define solvent?

Back 27

Dissolving agent of a solution

Front 28

Define solution?

Back 28

Liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances.

Front 29

Define solute?

Back 29

Substance that is dissolved.

Front 30

Define aqueous solution?

Back 30

Solution in which water is the solvent.

Front 31

2 things that can dissolve in water?

Back 31

Ionic substances, proteins

Front 32

Dynamic Equilibrium?

Back 32

State of equilibrium, molecules dissociate at same rate they are reformed.

Front 33

Define acid?

Back 33

Any substance that increases H+ concentration of a solution

Front 34

Define base?

Back 34

Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution.

Front 35

pH of a solution defined by?

Back 35

Defined by negative logarithm of H+ concentration

pH = -log[H+]

Front 36

Describe pH scale (most acidic, most basic, neutral)?

Back 36

acidic 0-6 --> neutral 7 --> basic 8-14

Front 37

Internal pH of most living cells must remain close to what number?

Back 37

7

Front 38

Define buffer (pH)?

Back 38

Substance (acid-base pair) that minimizes change in pH, reversibly combines with H+

Front 39

pH level of normal rain? Acid rain?

Back 39

Normal = between 5&6, Acid = 2-5

Front 40

Purpose of functional groups?

Back 40

Change properties of organic compounds

Front 41

Common polymers?

Back 41

Proteins, Carbs, Nucleic acids

Front 42

Process of polymer synthesis?

Back 42

Condensation

Front 43

Process of polymer breakdown?

Back 43

Hydrolysis

Front 44

4 Common polysaccharides and where found?

Back 44

Starch-potato, cellulose-algae, chitin-tick, glycogen-liver

Front 45

Examples of lipids?

Back 45

Fats, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

Front 46

Saturated vs Unsaturated?

Back 46

Saturated has single hydrogen bonds with hydrogen evenly distributed everywhere. Unsaturated has some double bonds and hydrogen not evenly distributed everywhere.

Front 47

Steroids. What makes each unique?

Back 47

Side chains. Different double bonds create different structures.

Front 48

Describe steroid structure

Back 48

4 rings. Only lipid not to contain fatty acids.

Front 49

Phospholipid function in cells?

Back 49

Membrane structure

Front 50

Structure of phospholipid?

Back 50

2 fatty acids (tails) & 1 head group, form bilayer

Front 51

Function of waxes?

Back 51

make surface of cells more hydrophobic (repel water)

Front 52

Structure of waxes?

Back 52

fatty acids attached to long alcohols or rings

Front 53

Protein functions?

Back 53

Perform most of cell's functions: transport, communication (receptors), structure, motor proteins, enzymes (catalyze reactions)

Front 54

Structure of proteins?

Back 54

Amino acids centered around a carbon. On carbon's other side is a carboxyl group

Front 55

How many different types of amino acids are there?

Back 55

20

Front 56

3 types of amino acids?

Back 56

Nonpolar, polar, charged

Front 57

Proteins can be how many amino acids long?

Back 57

Anywhere from 30-1000s

Front 58

What is a polypeptide?

Back 58

Single linear chain of amino acids

Front 59

What kind of bonds for a polypeptide chain?

Back 59

peptide

Front 60

When do the polypeptide chains function as proteins?

Back 60

When they fold into their particular structures

Front 61

Types of interactions that stabilize protein structures?

Back 61

Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions.

Front 62

Levels of protein structures?

Back 62

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Front 63

Primary structure?

Back 63

Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

Front 64

Secondary structures?

Back 64

Alpha helix and beta sheet.

Front 65

Alpha helix?

Back 65

coil/spiral. created by formation of h bonds

Front 66

Beta sheet?

Back 66

sections of polypeptide chain interact to form sheet due to hydrogen bonds. pleated.

Front 67

Tertiary structure?

Back 67

additional looping/folding. Due to interactions in R groups

Front 68

Quaternary structure?

Back 68

more than 1 polypeptide chain interacting together to form a larger protein complex (collagen, hemoglobin)

Front 69

Denaturation?

Back 69

Unfolding the protein. Usually done in a lab. only rare examples in the body.

Front 70

Renaturation?

Back 70

refolding the protein after denaturation

Front 71

Chaperones?

Back 71

Unfolded polypeptide chain enters cylinder from one end, the cap closes on it, and protects the chain as it folds by creating a hydrophillic environment. Cap comes off again and protein leaves.

Front 72

Nucleotide structure?

Back 72

phosphate group(s) --> sugar --> base group (double or single, contain C&N)

Front 73

Nucleotide function?

Back 73

Building blocks of DNA

Front 74

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote -- DNA location

Back 74

Prokaryote: in nucleoid
Eukaryote: membrane bound nucleus

Front 75

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote -- size of DNA

Back 75

Prokaryote: smaller
Eukaryote: larger

Front 76

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote: organization?

Back 76

Prokaryotes always single celled
Eukaryotes often multicellular

Front 77

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote: organelles?

Back 77

Prokaryotes: no membrane bound, only 1.
Eukaryotes: many membrane bound

Front 78

Structures of prokaryotic cell?

Back 78

nucleoid, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella

Front 79

Structures of Eukaryotic cell?

Back 79

Many. cytoskeleton, nucleus, membrane bound organelles,

Front 80

Key structures of plant cells?

Back 80

central vacuole, chloroplasts,

Front 81

Rough ER?

Back 81

Synthesizes proteins. mRNA docks on ribosome, produces amino acids. ribosome docks on rough er, amino acids move into cisternal area, folds into protein in vesicle.

Front 82

Golgi apparatus?

Back 82

The vesicle formed in R.ER fuses to golgi. Processed some more (side chains edited, etc). proteins are sorted and shipped to various places.

Front 83

Lysosome?

Back 83

Contains enzymes to break up waste

Front 84

Peroxisome?

Back 84

Diamond shaped crystal made of proteins/enzymes. the enzymes digest and detoxify, produce hydrogen peroxide as byproduct.

Front 85

Cytoskeleton?

Back 85

Network of fibers--maintain shape, reinforce structure.

Front 86

Microfilaments?

Back 86

Two strands of actin wound together. Maintains cell shape, changes cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility/division

Front 87

Actin filaments composed of?

Back 87

similar to contraction apparatus of muscle cells (myosin)

Front 88

Micrototubules?

Back 88

Hollow tubes of tubulin. roadways to deliver material throughout cell.

Front 89

Intermediate filaments?

Back 89

fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables. keratin family.

Front 90

Plant cell wall structure? How many layers?

Back 90

3

Front 91

Name/describe the 3 layers of plant cell wall?

Back 91

Primary (thin & flexible), middle lamella (thin layer between primaries of adjacent cells), secondary (only in some. between primary and plasma membrane)

Front 92

Plasmodesmata?

Back 92

In plant cells, channels between adjacent cells.