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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Land plants are derived from |
Semi-aquatic algae |
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Shared traits of plants and green algae |
1) Eukaryote 2) Multicellular 3) Photosynthetic 4) Cell Walls (cellulose) |
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Charophyceans |
The closest relative of plants; often inhabit shallow, ephemeral waters |
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Shared traits between charophyceans and plants |
1) Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis 2) Similar peroxisomes enyzmes 3) Similar structure during cell division (phragmoplast- specialized microtubules) 4) Similar structure of flagellated sperm |
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Period when plants invaded land? |
Ordovician |
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Cuticle |
Epidetmal polymers that act as waterproofing |
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Sporopollenin |
A durable polymer that prevents spores/pollen from drying out |
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Unique plant traits |
1) Apical meristems 2) Alternation of generations 3) Sporangia with walled spores 4) Multicellular gametangia 5) Multicellular dependant embryos |
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Meristem |
Undifferentiated cells allowing growth |
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Alternation of Generation |
Multicellular 2n individual alternates with multicellular n individual |
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Gametangia |
Gamete producing organ |
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Bryophytes |
Non-vascular plants |
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Traits of Bryophytes |
1) Gametophyte is dominate life stage 2) Antheridia archegonia 3) Sporophyte grows from Archegonium 4) H2O dependant reproduction 5) Lack of vascular tissue limits size |
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3 groups of Bryophytes |
1) Liverworts 2) Hornworts 3) Mosses |
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Period that vascular plants arrive |
Silurian |
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4 groups of Vascular plants |
1) Lycophytes 2) Pterophytes 3) Gymnosperms 4) Angiosperms |
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Vascular tissue |
Cells from tubes to transport H2O and nutrients |
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Xylem |
Transport of H2O and minerals |
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Phloem |
Transport of sugars/ organic products |
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Adaptations of Vascular plants |
1) Sporophyte dominant 2) Roots- allow for veritcal growth 3) Leaves- gives them more surface area for photosynthesis 4) Sporophylls |
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What do roots do for vascular plants |
1) Anchor plants to ground 2) Absorb water and nutrients 3) Provide support for vertical growth |
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Microphylls |
Spine shaped leaf with single strand of unbranched vascular tissue |
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Megaphylls |
Broad leaf with vascular network; evolved by branch webbing |
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Sporophyll |
Modified leaves that bear sporangia |
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Vascular Seedless Plants |
1) Lycophytes (Ferns, Horsetails, Wiskferns) 2) Pterophytes (Ferns,Horsetails, Wiskferns) |
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Significance of Vascular Plants |
1) Transformed land 2) Transformed atmosphere 3) Facilitated the industrial revolution |
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Seed |
Sporophyte embryo packed with food and encased in protective coat |
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Unique traits of Seed Plants |
1) Reduced Gametophyte 2) Heterospory 3) Ovules 4) Pollen |
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Ovules |
Megasporangium, megaspore, and integument |
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Microspores |
Pollen grains (contains gametophytes) |
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How does pollen move |
Pollen transfers to ovule (via wind; water independent) |
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Characteristic that defines all Gymnosperm |
Naked seed |
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Groups of Gymnosperms |
1) Ginkophyta 2) Gnetophyta 3) Cycadophyta 4) Coniferophyta |
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Which of the 4 gymnosperms is the most species rich? |
Coniferphyta |
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Bristlecone pine |
One of the longest lived of any organism (~4600 years old) |
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Angiosperms |
Flowering plants, produce fruits |
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Parts of an Angiosperm |
A) Flower Structure B) Fertilization C) Fruit development |
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Angiosperm Fertilization |
Pollen tube delivers 2 sperm One sperm fertilizes egg One sperm fertilizes polar nuclei -becomes endosperm (food) |
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Fruit development |
Fertilized ovary matures into fruit Fruit protects seed; aids dispersal - Dry (e.g. chestnut) - Fleshy (e.g. tomato) |
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Nematoda |
1) Non-segmented worms 2) Longitudinal muscles 3) Alimentary canal 4) No circulatory system 5) Ubiquitous in the environment 6) Free living and parasitic |
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Filariasis |
A nematode that can cause elephantiasis |
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Trichinosis |
Caused by nematode larvae encysted in muscle |
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Guinea worm |
Rod of Asclepius may be based on this nematode |
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Arthopoda |
1) Bilateral symmetry 2) Segmented body 3) Hard exoskeleton (made of chitin) 4) Jointed legs 5) Many pairs of limbs that provide specialization 6) Complete gut 7) Open circulatory system |
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Ginkophyta |
Only species in phylum Usef in traditional medicine for circulatory disorders, memory enhancement and dementia |
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Gnetophyta |
Only gymnosperm to exhibit 'double fertilization', but the second fertilization degenerates and does not form endosperms |
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Cycadophyta |
Known as cycads. Dominant tree during Mesozoic. Often mistaken as "palms", which are angiosperm |
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Coniferophyta |
Examples are pine and fir trees Most species rich gymnosperm |
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Stamen |
Male pollen producing structure A. Filament B. Anther-produces pollen |
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Carpel |
Female ovule producing structure A. Stigma- place of pollen deposition B. Style C. Ovary- contains ovules |
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Petal and Sepal |
Attract pollinators |
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What are all animals derived traits |
1. Multicellular ingesting heterotrophs (compared to plants and fungi) 2. Unique tissues 3. Lack cell walls. Support by extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton 4. Intercellular junctions |
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Types of Intercellular junctions |
1. Tight junctions 2. Desmosomes 3. Gap junctions |
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Tight junctions |
(suture junctions) protein binding of neighboring plasma membranes; water tight |
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Desmosomes |
(anchoring junctions) strong rivet like proteins that connect tissues into strong sheets |
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Gap junctions |
Provides a pore through which cellular products can be exchanged (important in heart beating) |
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Closest protist relative of animals |
Chanoflagellates |
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Evidence for chano. being the closest relative of animals |
A. Near identical morphology with sponge collar cells B. Collar cells found only in animals and chanoflagellates C. DNA sequence similarity |
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First animal fossils |
Ediacaran biota. In the ediacaran period |
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Characteristics of the Cambrian period (550 MYA) |
1. Rapid increase in animal order 2. Major phyla established 3. Diversification likely caused increase in O2, Diversification selection, Hox gene duplication 4. Animal diversity |
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Diversifying selection |
Novel niche exploitation and predator prey dynamics |
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% of animals are insects |
75 |
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% of animals are beetles |
35 |
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% of animals are vertebrates |
5 |
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% of animals are mammals |
.001 |
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Life cycle of animals |
Sexual reproduction Flagellated sperm; large non-motile egg |
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Zygote development |
1. Zygote undergoes cleavage>Blastula(hollow ball) 2. Bastula undergoes gastrulation >gastrula 3. Gastrula has defined endoderm and ectoderm |
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Reproduction and Development |
A. Life cycle B. Zygote development C. Hox genes |
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Hox genes |
Master regulatory genes that dictate developing body plan |
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Hox genes and development |
1. Evolutionarily conserved 2. Linear correlation btw body axis and chromosomal position 3. Small mutations lead to big changes 4. Gene duplication allows greater anatomical complexity |
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Animal body plans |
A. Symmetry B. Tissues C. Body cavities D. Protostome vs. Deuterosomes |
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Diploblastic |
2 dermal layers |
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Triploblastic |
3 dermal layers |
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Acoelomate |
No body cavity |
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Psuedocoelomate |
Body cavity present; not completely lined with mesoderm |
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Coelomate |
Body cavity completely lined with mesoderm |
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Protostome - cleavage, coelom formation, fate of blastopore |
1. Spiral- cells offset Determinate- fate of early cells determined 2. Forms from mesoderm split 3. Becomes mouth |
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Deuterostome- cleavage, coelom formation, fate of blastopore |
1. Radial- cells linear Indeterminate- fate of early cells undetermined 2. Forms from archenteron out-pockets 3. Becomes anus |
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What are Invertebrates |
Animals that are not cordates (34 of 35 phyla) |
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% of animal species are invertebrates |
95 |
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% of animals are arthropods |
85 |
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% of animal species are insects |
75 |
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Important evolutionary characters of invertebrates |
1. Symmetry 2. Tissue layers 3. True tissues 4. Digestive tract 5. Circulatory system 6. Coelm |
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Metazoan (all animals) |
Primitive animals that were asymmetric and diploblastic with no tissues |
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Phylum Porifera (sponges) |
A. Asymmetric, diploblastic B. No true organs C. Unique structures and cells |
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Spicules |
Made of calcium carbonate or silica; provide structural support |
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Chanocytes |
Collar cells |
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Eumetazoans |
Animals with true tissues; all animals except sponges Have rudimentary nervous and digestive system, contractile tissues, and radial symmetry |
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Cnidarian |
(corals, jellyfish, and hydras) A. Radially symmetric, diploblastic B. Two distinct body plans (medusa & polyp) C. Rudimentary digestive tract/ circulatory system called gastrovascular cavity D. Nervous system- nerve net & ocili E. Muscle-like structures F. Cnidocytes contain nematocysts |
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Tree major bilateral symmetry animal groups |
A. Deuterostomes B. Lophotrochozoa C. Ecdysozoa |
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Evolution of triploblastic tissues allows evolution of _______ |
Coelom |
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Platyhelminthes |
(flatworms; eg. tapeworms, flukes, planeria) A. Incomplete gut B. No circulatory system C. Bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomates D. Cephalization E. Can be free swimming or parasitic |
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Cephalization |
Evolutionary trend that concentrates nervous tissue to one end |
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Rotifera |
(wheel bearers) A. Complete gut B. No circulatory system C. Corona D. Parthenogenetic |
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Corona |
Ciliated discs for feeding |
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Parthenogenetic |
Asexual Some species produce non-feeding males |
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Characteristics of Mullusca |
1. 3 main parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle 2. Randula: feeding apparatus 3. Range of cephalization and nervous system |
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Classes inside Mullusca |
1. Polyplacophora 2. Gastropoda 3. Bivalvia 4. Cephalopoda |
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Polyplacophora (aka chitons) |
8 plates; live on intertidal rocks; scrape algae |
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Gastropoda |
Most have spinaled shells (eg. Snails, conchs, and whelks) |
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Bivalvia |
Hinged shell with adductor muscles (clams, oysters, mussels and scallops) |
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Cephalopoda |
(squid, octupi) Means "head-foot" No shell (expect nautilus) Active hunters Learning and complex behavior |
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Annelida |
(segmented worms) A. Complete gut B. Closed circulatory system C. Some cephalization D. Some possess parapodia- lateral feet |
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Animal phylogeny |
|
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Nematoda |
(roundworms) 1. Non-segmented worms 2. Longitudinal muscles 3. Alimentary canal 4. No circulatory system 5. Ubiquitous in the environment 6. Free living and parasitic |
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Filariasis nematode can cause _____ |
Elephantiasis |
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Trichinosis is caused by ____ |
Nematode larvae encysted in muscle |
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The rod of asclepius may be based on this nematode: ____ |
Guinea worm |
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Arthropoda |
A. Unifying traits B. Evolved from segmented worms -Segments fused over time and specialized C. Classes |
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Unifying traits of Arthropoda |
1. Bilateral symmetry 2. Segmented body 3. Hard ekoskeleton A. desiccation resistant B. made of chitin C. muscle attachment D. molt (ecdysis) 4. Jointed legs 5. Many pairs of limbs that provide specialization 6. Complete gut 7. Open circulatory system |
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Arthropoda 5 classes |
1. Cheliceriformes 2. Myriapoda 3. Hexapoda 4. Crustacea 5. Trilobites |
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Chelicerifomes |
(spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs, scorpions) A. Chelicera- claw-like feeding appendage B. No antennae C. Cephalothorax |
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Myriapoda |
A. Millipedes (herbivores; 2 pait legs per segment) B. Centipedes (carnivores; 1 pair legs per segment) |
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Hexapoda |
(insects) A. 3 main body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) B. 3 pair walking legs (hence name, hexapoda) C. 2 antennae |
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Crustacea |
(crabs, shrimps, barnacles, lobster) Marine and freshwater; a few terrestrial |
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Trilobites |
Extinct |
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Echinodermata |
1. Deutoerostomes 2. Endoskeleton of calcareous plates 3. Water vascular system 4. Larvae bilateral |
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Water vascular system |
Hydraulic system of closed tubes containing sea water; used for locomotion (tube foot), food and waste transport and respiration |
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Larvae bilateral |
Adults radial symmetry (homoplasic) |
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4 characteristics exhibited by all chordates |
1. Notochord 2. Dorsal hollow nevre chord 3. Pharyngeal slits 4. Muscular post-anal trail |
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Notochord |
Longitudinal flexible rod of fluid filled cells; located between digestive tract and nerve cord. Provides skeletal support in higher vertebrates |
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Dorsal hollow nerve chrod |
Develops into CNS. Ventrally located in other animals (eg. arthropods) |
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Pharyngeal slits |
Allow water to pass through mouth without entering digestive tract. Involved in filter feeding and respiration (as gills) |
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Muscular post-anal tail |
Propulsion |
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Lancelets |
1. Exhibit all 4 chordate characteristics 2. Fish-like 3. Pharyngeal slits used in filter feeding; cirri aid in this -produce mucus to trap particles 4. No respiratory system; gas exchange through skin 5. Closed circulatory system: no heart |