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125 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Land plants are derived from

Semi-aquatic algae

Shared traits of plants and green algae

1) Eukaryote


2) Multicellular


3) Photosynthetic


4) Cell Walls (cellulose)

Charophyceans

The closest relative of plants; often inhabit shallow, ephemeral waters

Shared traits between charophyceans and plants

1) Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis


2) Similar peroxisomes enyzmes


3) Similar structure during cell division (phragmoplast- specialized microtubules)


4) Similar structure of flagellated sperm

Period when plants invaded land?

Ordovician

Cuticle

Epidetmal polymers that act as waterproofing

Sporopollenin

A durable polymer that prevents spores/pollen from drying out

Unique plant traits

1) Apical meristems


2) Alternation of generations


3) Sporangia with walled spores


4) Multicellular gametangia


5) Multicellular dependant embryos

Meristem

Undifferentiated cells allowing growth

Alternation of Generation

Multicellular 2n individual alternates with multicellular n individual

Gametangia

Gamete producing organ

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants

Traits of Bryophytes

1) Gametophyte is dominate life stage


2) Antheridia archegonia


3) Sporophyte grows from Archegonium


4) H2O dependant reproduction


5) Lack of vascular tissue limits size

3 groups of Bryophytes

1) Liverworts


2) Hornworts


3) Mosses

Period that vascular plants arrive

Silurian

4 groups of Vascular plants

1) Lycophytes


2) Pterophytes


3) Gymnosperms


4) Angiosperms

Vascular tissue

Cells from tubes to transport H2O and nutrients

Xylem

Transport of H2O and minerals

Phloem

Transport of sugars/ organic products

Adaptations of Vascular plants

1) Sporophyte dominant


2) Roots- allow for veritcal growth


3) Leaves- gives them more surface area for photosynthesis


4) Sporophylls

What do roots do for vascular plants

1) Anchor plants to ground


2) Absorb water and nutrients


3) Provide support for vertical growth

Microphylls

Spine shaped leaf with single strand of unbranched vascular tissue

Megaphylls

Broad leaf with vascular network; evolved by branch webbing

Sporophyll

Modified leaves that bear sporangia

Vascular Seedless Plants

1) Lycophytes (Ferns, Horsetails, Wiskferns)


2) Pterophytes (Ferns,Horsetails, Wiskferns)

Significance of Vascular Plants

1) Transformed land


2) Transformed atmosphere


3) Facilitated the industrial revolution

Seed

Sporophyte embryo packed with food and encased in protective coat

Unique traits of Seed Plants

1) Reduced Gametophyte


2) Heterospory


3) Ovules


4) Pollen

Ovules

Megasporangium, megaspore, and integument

Microspores

Pollen grains (contains gametophytes)

How does pollen move

Pollen transfers to ovule (via wind; water independent)

Characteristic that defines all Gymnosperm

Naked seed

Groups of Gymnosperms

1) Ginkophyta


2) Gnetophyta


3) Cycadophyta


4) Coniferophyta

Which of the 4 gymnosperms is the most species rich?

Coniferphyta

Bristlecone pine

One of the longest lived of any organism (~4600 years old)

Angiosperms

Flowering plants, produce fruits

Parts of an Angiosperm

A) Flower Structure


B) Fertilization


C) Fruit development

Angiosperm Fertilization

Pollen tube delivers 2 sperm


One sperm fertilizes egg


One sperm fertilizes polar nuclei


-becomes endosperm (food)

Fruit development

Fertilized ovary matures into fruit


Fruit protects seed; aids dispersal


- Dry (e.g. chestnut)


- Fleshy (e.g. tomato)

Nematoda

1) Non-segmented worms


2) Longitudinal muscles


3) Alimentary canal


4) No circulatory system


5) Ubiquitous in the environment


6) Free living and parasitic

Filariasis

A nematode that can cause elephantiasis

Trichinosis

Caused by nematode larvae encysted in muscle

Guinea worm

Rod of Asclepius may be based on this nematode

Arthopoda

1) Bilateral symmetry


2) Segmented body


3) Hard exoskeleton (made of chitin)


4) Jointed legs


5) Many pairs of limbs that provide specialization


6) Complete gut


7) Open circulatory system

Ginkophyta

Only species in phylum


Usef in traditional medicine for circulatory disorders, memory enhancement and dementia

Gnetophyta

Only gymnosperm to exhibit 'double fertilization', but the second fertilization degenerates and does not form endosperms

Cycadophyta

Known as cycads. Dominant tree during Mesozoic. Often mistaken as "palms", which are angiosperm

Coniferophyta

Examples are pine and fir trees


Most species rich gymnosperm

Stamen

Male pollen producing structure


A. Filament


B. Anther-produces pollen

Carpel

Female ovule producing structure


A. Stigma- place of pollen deposition


B. Style


C. Ovary- contains ovules

Petal and Sepal

Attract pollinators

What are all animals derived traits

1. Multicellular ingesting heterotrophs (compared to plants and fungi)


2. Unique tissues


3. Lack cell walls. Support by extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton


4. Intercellular junctions

Types of Intercellular junctions

1. Tight junctions


2. Desmosomes


3. Gap junctions

Tight junctions

(suture junctions) protein binding of neighboring plasma membranes; water tight

Desmosomes

(anchoring junctions) strong rivet like proteins that connect tissues into strong sheets

Gap junctions

Provides a pore through which cellular products can be exchanged


(important in heart beating)

Closest protist relative of animals

Chanoflagellates

Evidence for chano. being the closest relative of animals

A. Near identical morphology with sponge collar cells


B. Collar cells found only in animals and chanoflagellates


C. DNA sequence similarity

First animal fossils

Ediacaran biota. In the ediacaran period

Characteristics of the Cambrian period (550 MYA)

1. Rapid increase in animal order


2. Major phyla established


3. Diversification likely caused increase in O2, Diversification selection, Hox gene duplication


4. Animal diversity

Diversifying selection

Novel niche exploitation and predator prey dynamics

% of animals are insects

75

% of animals are beetles

35

% of animals are vertebrates

5

% of animals are mammals

.001

Life cycle of animals

Sexual reproduction


Flagellated sperm; large non-motile egg

Zygote development

1. Zygote undergoes cleavage>Blastula(hollow ball)


2. Bastula undergoes gastrulation >gastrula


3. Gastrula has defined endoderm and ectoderm

Reproduction and Development

A. Life cycle


B. Zygote development


C. Hox genes

Hox genes

Master regulatory genes that dictate developing body plan

Hox genes and development

1. Evolutionarily conserved


2. Linear correlation btw body axis and chromosomal position


3. Small mutations lead to big changes


4. Gene duplication allows greater anatomical complexity

Animal body plans

A. Symmetry


B. Tissues


C. Body cavities


D. Protostome vs. Deuterosomes

Diploblastic

2 dermal layers

Triploblastic

3 dermal layers

Acoelomate

No body cavity

Psuedocoelomate

Body cavity present; not completely lined with mesoderm

Coelomate

Body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

Protostome - cleavage, coelom formation, fate of blastopore

1. Spiral- cells offset


Determinate- fate of early cells determined



2. Forms from mesoderm split



3. Becomes mouth

Deuterostome- cleavage, coelom formation, fate of blastopore

1. Radial- cells linear


Indeterminate- fate of early cells undetermined



2. Forms from archenteron out-pockets



3. Becomes anus

What are Invertebrates

Animals that are not cordates (34 of 35 phyla)

% of animal species are invertebrates

95

% of animals are arthropods

85

% of animal species are insects

75

Important evolutionary characters of invertebrates

1. Symmetry


2. Tissue layers


3. True tissues


4. Digestive tract


5. Circulatory system


6. Coelm

Metazoan (all animals)

Primitive animals that were asymmetric and diploblastic with no tissues

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

A. Asymmetric, diploblastic


B. No true organs


C. Unique structures and cells

Spicules

Made of calcium carbonate or silica; provide structural support

Chanocytes

Collar cells

Eumetazoans

Animals with true tissues; all animals except sponges


Have rudimentary nervous and digestive system, contractile tissues, and radial symmetry

Cnidarian

(corals, jellyfish, and hydras)


A. Radially symmetric, diploblastic


B. Two distinct body plans (medusa & polyp)


C. Rudimentary digestive tract/ circulatory system called gastrovascular cavity


D. Nervous system- nerve net & ocili


E. Muscle-like structures


F. Cnidocytes contain nematocysts

Tree major bilateral symmetry animal groups

A. Deuterostomes


B. Lophotrochozoa


C. Ecdysozoa

Evolution of triploblastic tissues allows evolution of _______

Coelom

Platyhelminthes

(flatworms; eg. tapeworms, flukes, planeria)


A. Incomplete gut


B. No circulatory system


C. Bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomates


D. Cephalization


E. Can be free swimming or parasitic


Cephalization

Evolutionary trend that concentrates nervous tissue to one end

Rotifera

(wheel bearers)


A. Complete gut


B. No circulatory system


C. Corona


D. Parthenogenetic

Corona

Ciliated discs for feeding

Parthenogenetic

Asexual


Some species produce non-feeding males

Characteristics of Mullusca

1. 3 main parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle


2. Randula: feeding apparatus


3. Range of cephalization and nervous system

Classes inside Mullusca

1. Polyplacophora


2. Gastropoda


3. Bivalvia


4. Cephalopoda

Polyplacophora (aka chitons)

8 plates; live on intertidal rocks; scrape algae

Gastropoda

Most have spinaled shells


(eg. Snails, conchs, and whelks)

Bivalvia

Hinged shell with adductor muscles


(clams, oysters, mussels and scallops)

Cephalopoda

(squid, octupi)


Means "head-foot"


No shell (expect nautilus)


Active hunters


Learning and complex behavior

Annelida

(segmented worms)


A. Complete gut


B. Closed circulatory system


C. Some cephalization


D. Some possess parapodia- lateral feet

Animal phylogeny

Nematoda

(roundworms)


1. Non-segmented worms


2. Longitudinal muscles


3. Alimentary canal


4. No circulatory system


5. Ubiquitous in the environment


6. Free living and parasitic

Filariasis nematode can cause _____

Elephantiasis

Trichinosis is caused by ____

Nematode larvae encysted in muscle

The rod of asclepius may be based on this nematode: ____

Guinea worm

Arthropoda

A. Unifying traits


B. Evolved from segmented worms


-Segments fused over time and specialized


C. Classes

Unifying traits of Arthropoda

1. Bilateral symmetry


2. Segmented body


3. Hard ekoskeleton


A. desiccation resistant


B. made of chitin


C. muscle attachment


D. molt (ecdysis)


4. Jointed legs


5. Many pairs of limbs that provide specialization


6. Complete gut


7. Open circulatory system

Arthropoda 5 classes

1. Cheliceriformes


2. Myriapoda


3. Hexapoda


4. Crustacea


5. Trilobites

Chelicerifomes

(spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs, scorpions)


A. Chelicera- claw-like feeding appendage


B. No antennae


C. Cephalothorax

Myriapoda

A. Millipedes (herbivores; 2 pait legs per segment)


B. Centipedes (carnivores; 1 pair legs per segment)

Hexapoda

(insects)


A. 3 main body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen)


B. 3 pair walking legs (hence name, hexapoda)


C. 2 antennae

Crustacea

(crabs, shrimps, barnacles, lobster)


Marine and freshwater; a few terrestrial

Trilobites

Extinct

Echinodermata

1. Deutoerostomes


2. Endoskeleton of calcareous plates


3. Water vascular system


4. Larvae bilateral

Water vascular system

Hydraulic system of closed tubes containing sea water; used for locomotion (tube foot), food and waste transport and respiration

Larvae bilateral

Adults radial symmetry (homoplasic)

4 characteristics exhibited by all chordates

1. Notochord


2. Dorsal hollow nevre chord


3. Pharyngeal slits


4. Muscular post-anal trail

Notochord

Longitudinal flexible rod of fluid filled cells; located between digestive tract and nerve cord. Provides skeletal support in higher vertebrates

Dorsal hollow nerve chrod

Develops into CNS. Ventrally located in other animals (eg. arthropods)

Pharyngeal slits

Allow water to pass through mouth without entering digestive tract. Involved in filter feeding and respiration (as gills)

Muscular post-anal tail

Propulsion

Lancelets

1. Exhibit all 4 chordate characteristics


2. Fish-like


3. Pharyngeal slits used in filter feeding; cirri aid in this


-produce mucus to trap particles


4. No respiratory system; gas exchange through skin


5. Closed circulatory system: no heart