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284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is the father of "Taxonomy"? |
Carl Linneaus |
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Name of the Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist? |
Carl Linneaus |
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What did Carl Linneaus write in 1735? |
Systema Naturae in 1735 |
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What did Carl Linneaus, Systema Naturae, science concern? |
with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. |
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chart showing relationship of organisms. |
cladogram |
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what are cladograms based on? |
synapomorphies |
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What are the names of the three Domains? |
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria |
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what type of cells are bacteria made up of? |
prokaryotic cells |
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What two components make up the Bacteria's nucleoid region? |
-single circular chromosome -plasmids |
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Do bacteria have membrane bound organelles? |
no membrane-bound organelles |
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What type of ribosomes do bacteria have? |
70s |
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Do bacteria have a plasma membrane? |
yes |
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What is contained in the bacteria's cell wall? |
peptidoglycan |
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Where is the glycocalyx contained in the bacteria? |
the capsule |
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Do bacteria have flagella? |
yes |
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locate: pili, ribosomes, capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid region (DNA), flagella |
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what is spherical shape called? |
cocci |
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what is rod-shaped called? |
bacillus |
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What is spiral (spirillium) shaped called? |
spirochetes or helical |
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cocci: in lines |
strep |
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cocci: in grape like clusters |
staph |
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which shape is this called? Hint: elongates |
Filamentous |
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What is the circled one called? |
streptococci |
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What is the circled one called? |
single bacillus |
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What is the name of the circled one? |
staphylococci |
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What is the name of the circled one? |
streptobacilli |
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What color does a gram positive stain? |
violet |
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What color does a gram negative stain? |
red |
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recognize the difference between gram positive and negative: |
Gram postive: peptidoglycan traps violet.(Thick wall) Gram negative: violet crystals is easily rinsed away, revealing red dye. (Thin wall) |
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What type of staining is used for Mycobacterium leprae, and M. tuberculosis? |
Acid-fast stain |
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what color does Acid-fast "+" stain? |
red |
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what color does Acid-fast "-" stain? |
blue |
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require oxygen |
obligate aerobes |
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require no oxygen |
obligate anaerobes |
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can grow with or without oxygen |
facultative anaerobe |
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aerobic growth in low oxygen concentrations |
microaerophiles |
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Photoautotroph energy source: |
light |
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photoautotroph carbon source: |
CO2 |
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photoautotroph types of organisms: |
photosynthetic prokaryotes (for example, cyanobacteria; plants, certain protists (algae) |
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Chemoautotroph energy source: |
inorganic chemicals |
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Chemoautotroph carbon source: |
CO2 |
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Chemoautotroph types of organisms: |
certain prokaryotes (for example sulfolobus) |
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Photoheterotroph energy source: |
light |
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photoheterotroph carbon source: |
organic compounds |
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photoheterotrophs types of organisms: |
certain prokaryotes (for example, Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus) |
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Chemoheterotroph energy source: |
organic compounds |
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Chemoheterotroph carbon source: |
organic compounds |
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Chemoheterotroph types of organisms: |
Many prokaryotes (for example, Clostridium) and protists; fungi; animals; some plants. |
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What do proteins and nucleic acids need? |
nitrogen |
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converts atmospheric Nitrogen into amnonia: |
Nitrogen fixation |
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What is the importance of Nitrogen Metabolism? |
makes Nitrogen available for other organisms |
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Which tree is the most parsimonious? |
The Right |
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What are the Five groups of Bacteria? |
1. Proteobacteria 2. Gram postive bacteria 3. Chlamydias 4. Spirochetes 5. Cyanobacteria |
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What group does Salmonella belong too? |
Proteobacteria |
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What shape does salmonella have? |
bacillus |
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What oxygen requirement does salmonella have? |
facultative anaerobe |
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What does Salmonella cause? |
Diarrhea, nausea |
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Which animals can carry salmonella? |
chicken and reptiles |
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What type of toxin does salmonella have? |
Endotoxin caused by cell wall |
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What group does E.coli belong too? |
Proteobacteria |
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What shape does E.coli have? |
bacillus |
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What are the oxygen requirements of E.coli? |
facultative anaerobe |
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What does E.coli cause? |
diarrhea |
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What type of toxin does E.coli have? |
Exotoxin- releases proteins that cause illness |
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What group does Clostridium belong too? |
Gram-positive bacteria |
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What shape does clostridium have? |
bacillus |
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Does Clostridium have an endospore? |
yes |
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what are the oxygen requirements for Clostridium? |
obligate anaerobe |
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What type of toxin does Clostridium have? |
exotoxins |
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What can Clostridium cause? |
gangrene and botulism |
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What is the stongest poison in the world- 1 gram can kill 1 million people? |
Botulism |
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What group does Bacillus anthracis belong too? |
Gram-positive bacteria |
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What shape does Bacillus anthracis have? |
Bacillus |
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Does Bacillus anthracis have an endospore? |
yes |
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What are the oxygen requirements for Bacillus anthracis? |
Aerobic |
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What does Bacillus anthracis cause? |
Pustules and pneumonia |
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What group does Streptococcus belong too? |
Gram-positive bacteria |
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What shape does Streptococcus have? |
Coccus |
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What does Streptococcus stain? |
gram positive |
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What are the oxygen requirements for Streptococcus? |
anaerobic but are air tolerant |
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What does Streptococcus cause? |
necrotizing fasciitis, strep throat, scarlet fever |
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What group does Staphylococcus, MRSA belong too? |
Gram-positive bacteria |
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What shape does Staphylococcus, MRSA have? |
Coccus |
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What does Staphylococcus, MRSA stain? |
gram positive |
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What are the oxygen requirements for Staphylococcus, MRSA? |
facultative anaerobe |
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Most common type of food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome: |
Staphylococcus, MRSA |
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Which bacteria is Dangerous in hospitals? |
Staphylococcus, MRSA |
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Picking up an infection from the hospital that you did not initially have: |
Nosocimal |
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When going to the hospital and the Dr. messes up and treats the wrong thing: |
Iatrogenic |
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What group contains Chlorophyll A and Phycocyanin? |
cyanobacteria |
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Only organism on the planet that can fix nitrogen and release oxygen. |
Chlorophyll A and Phycocyanin |
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Where can Chlorophyll A and Phycocyanin be found? |
pools |
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Which bacteria are included in the group Spirochetes? |
Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi |
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What does Treponema pallidum cause? |
syphilis |
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What are the oxygen requirements for Treponema pallidum? |
anaerobic |
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What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause? |
Lyme disease |
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What are the oxygen requirements for Borrelia burgdorferi? |
Microaerophile |
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Is the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi that causes lyme disease zoonotic? |
yes |
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What group does Chlamydia belong too? |
Chlamydias |
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What shape does Chlamydia have? |
coccus |
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What does Chlamydia stain? |
gram negative |
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Causes blindness and is one of the most common STD's in U.S. |
Chlamydia |
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What are the oxygen requirements for Chlamydia? |
uncertain |
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What are the Three characteristics found in Eukarya cells? |
-Nucleus membrane-bound organelles. -Ribosomes 80s -Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular types |
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What are the Four Supergroups found in the Domain Eukarya? |
-Excavata -SAR (stramenopiles, alveolata, rhizaria) -Archaeplastida (includes plants) -Unikonta (includes animals and fungi) |
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What clade does Giardia belong too? |
Diplomonads |
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Which supergroup is "excavated," groove on one side of the body? |
Excavata |
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What two things do the clades Diplomonads and Parabaslids lack? |
-lack plastids -lack DNA in mitochondria |
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What are the three characteristics found in Diplomonads? |
-two haploid nuclei -flagella -simple cytoskeleton |
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What clade does Trichimonas belong too? |
Parabaslids |
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What does Trichimonas cause? |
Trichomoniasis |
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What type of membrane does the clade Parabaslids have? |
undulating membrane |
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How does the clade Euglenozoa move? |
move by flagella with spiral or crystalline rod |
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What are the two groups included in the clade Euglenozoa? |
Euglenids and Kinetoplastids |
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What is the example given for the group Euglenids? |
Euglena |
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What type of pocket is found in the group Euglenids? |
anterior pocket with flagella |
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What is the example given for the group Kinetoplastids? |
Trypanosoma |
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What are the characteristics found in the group Kinetoplastids? |
single large mitochondria with kinetoplast-organized mass of DNA |
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What are the supergroup SAR characterisitcs? |
DNA |
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What is the characteristic found in the clade Alveolata? |
contain alveoli (membrane-bound sacs) beneath their cell surface |
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What are the three groups found in the clade Alveolata? |
-Dinoflagellates -Apicomplexans -Ciliates |
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Describe the flagella and pigment found in the group Dinoflagellates: |
-2 flagella located within a groove. - xanthophyll |
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What is the example given for the group Apicomplexans? |
Plasmodium |
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What are the two characteristics found in the group Apicomplexans? |
-parasitic -apical structure |
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What is the characteristic found in the group Ciliates? |
have cilia used for movement |
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What is the clade Straminopiles characteristics? |
have hair-like projections on flagella |
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What are the Four groups included in the clade Stramenopiles? |
-Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) -Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) -Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) -Water Mold (Oomycetes |
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What type of test do Diatoms have? |
overlapping silica test |
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What are the two pigments found in Diatoms? |
carotene and xanthophyll |
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What are the two importances of Diatomaceous earth? |
filters and fertilizes the oceans |
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What is the cell wall of Golden Algae made out of? |
silica |
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What two pigments are found in the group Golden Algae? |
carotene and xanthophyll |
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What is the example the is given in the group Golden Algae? |
Chrysophyta |
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What is the cell made out of in the group Brown Algae? |
cellulose and algin |
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What type of generations does Brown Algae have? |
alternation of generations |
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Oomycota is included in which group? |
Water molds |
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What kind of pigments does the group Water Molds have? |
None |
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What is the cell wall made out of in the group Water Molds? |
cellulose |
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Describe the hyphae found in Water Molds: |
coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae |
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What two crisis were caused by Water Molds in the 1800s? |
Irish Potato Famine and French Wine Crisis |
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What is the characteristic found in the Rhizaria? |
Thin pseudopodia used for movement and feeding |
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What are the Three groups found in the clade Rhizaria? |
-Cercozoans -Foraminiferans -Radiolarians |
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Describe the Four membranes (secondary endosymbiosis) that surround the plastids in the group Cercozoans? |
-2 from cyanobacterium -3rd from algae's plasma membrane -4th from heterotrophic food vacuole |
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What is the porous shells made of that are found in the group Foraminiferans (Forams)? |
calcium carbonate |
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What are the fused plates (silica with axopodia) called found in the group Radiolarians? |
Actinopods |
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Which supergroup is an Ancient protists that engulfed a cyanobacterium? |
Archaeplastida |
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What are the Three groups included in the Supergroup Archaeplastida? |
-Red Algae (Rodophyta) -Green Algae (Chlorophyta) -Land plants |
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What type of algae is found in the group Rhodophyta? |
red algae |
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What is the name of the pigment that is found in Red Algae? |
Phycoerythrin |
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Where does the Nori, traditional Japanese food, come from? |
the group Rhodophyta (Red Algae) |
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What group does Green Algae belong too? |
Chlorophyta and Charophytes |
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Green Algae has chloroplasts similar to: |
plants |
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Which supergroup is the very diverse? |
Unikonta |
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What links the groups found in the supergroup Unikonta? |
Molecular systematics (but highly debatable) |
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What are the two groups include in the supergroup Unikonta? |
Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts |
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What are the Three groups beneath the clade Amoebozoans? |
-slime molds -Gymnamoebas -Entamoebas |
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What characteristic is found in the clade Amoebozoans? |
many with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia |
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Which group produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal? |
slime molds |
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What type of slime mold is not multicellular? |
plasmoidial |
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From a plasmodium (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei - diploid |
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What type of slime mold feeds like individual amoebas? |
cellular |
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When does cellular slime mold aggregate (collect)? |
breeding or during stress |
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What type of organism is cellular slime mold? |
haploid organisms |
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Which group out of the clade Amoebozoans are most free-living amoebas? |
Gymnamoebas |
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Which group out of the clade Amoebozoans are mostly parasitic amoebas? |
Entamoebas |
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What two groups are included in the clade Opisthokonts? |
Nucleariids and Choanoflagellates |
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Which group from the clade Opisthokonts are most closely related to Fungi? |
Nucleariids |
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Which group from the clade Opisthokonts are most closely related to animals? |
Choanoflagellates |
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What does the group Nucleariids feed on? |
Amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria |
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Similar in morphology and DNA to animals: |
Choanoflagellates |
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What are the general characteristics of Fungi? |
- Primarily terrestrial -Filamentous: Hyphae (Coenocytic-aseptate or septate), Mycelium, Haustoria (specialized parasitic hyphae) |
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Specialized parasitic hyphae: |
Haustoria |
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What are the animal-like general characteristics of Fungi? |
-Heterotrophic: absorption (saprobes), parasitic, mutualistic -cell wall: Chiton - Store sugar as glycogen |
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What are the names of the haploid spores that are created during the Asexual reproduction of Fungus? |
Haploid spores: Conidia and Sporangia |
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Are the hyphae in the sexual reproduction of Fungus haploid of diploid? |
Hyphae: Haploid |
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How is Fungal sexual reproduction like us? |
Syngamy (diploid)-like us a) Plasmogamy (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) b) Karyogamy (diploid) |
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What are the Five Fungal divisional classifications? |
-Chytridiomycota -Zygomycota -Glomeromycota -Ascomycota -Basidiomycota |
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What is rare in fungi that is seen in the Division Chytridiomycota? |
Have flagella |
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What type of hyphae is seen in the Division Chytridiomycota? |
Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular |
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What is the cell wall made out of in the Division Chytridiomycota? |
chitin |
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What type of feeding is seen in the division Chytridiomycota? |
saprobes (absorption) or parasitic |
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Which division, "May be most primitive fungi?" |
Chytridiomycota |
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Which Division do these characteristics belong too: -Coenocytic Fungi -Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) |
Zygomycota |
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What division does the Exampe Rhizopus (black bread mold) belong too? |
Zygomycota |
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What are the Three uses that we get from the division Zygomycota? |
-Birth control pills -Meat tenderizers -Margarine coloring (enzymes) |
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Zygomycota has a group, Microsporidia, that is parasitic. What has it lost? |
loss of organelles |
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Zygomycota has a group, Microsporidia, that is parasitic. What type of people are affected by disease? |
people with immune deficiency |
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Zygomycota has a group, Microsporidia, that is parasitic. What uses do we have for it? |
used as pest control |
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Which division do these chracteristics belong too? -Arbuscular mycorrhizae a)Coenocytic Fungi b)Mutualistic-associated with plant roots. c) increases surface area for absorption of water and nutrients |
Glomeromycota |
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Which division do these characteristics belong too: -Septate fungi (sac fungi) -Saprobes and mutualistic |
Ascomycota |
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What division do these examples belong too: Dutch Elm Disease, Yeasts, Truffles, some molds. |
Ascomycota |
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What are the uses that we get from Ascomycota fungi? |
Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tummor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce) |
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What division do these characteristics belong too: -Septate Fungi (Club fungi) -Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic |
Basidiomycota |
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Which division do these examples belong too: Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi. |
Basidiomycota |
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What use do we get from Basidiomycota? |
Food |
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Which division of fungi leaves "Fairy Rings"? |
Basidiomycota |
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Which division do these characteristics belong too: -Impect fungi (no sexual cycle) -septate hyphae |
Deuteromycota |
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What division do these example belong too: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi |
Deuteromycota |
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What division does Stachybotrys chartarum belong too? |
Deuteromycota |
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T/F: Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deuteromycota does not exist. |
true |
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Mutualistic-association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota |
Lichen |
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Pioneer organism |
Lichen |
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What % of fungi are pathogenic species? |
30%, most plant pathogens |
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What % of the world's fruit is lost due to fungi? |
10-50% |
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Where does Lysergic acid (LSD) come from? |
Ergots on rye |
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another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth |
Ergots |
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What Foods do we get from Fungi? |
recycling, alcohol, cheese, and truffles |
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What fraction of the world's amphibians are suffering a serious decline? |
Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amphibian suffering serious decline |
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What % of human disease orginate from animals? |
60% |
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What is the Ecological Impact of Fungi? (Hint: Eight points) |
-Decomposers -Pathogens (30% of speices..most plant pathogens) -10-50% world's fruit lost due to Fungi -Ergots or rye (lysergic acid-LSD) -Food production:recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles. -Ergots: another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth. -Worlwide 1/3 of world's amphibian suffering serious decline -60% human disease orginate from animals |
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What are the Three group included in the DOmain Archaea? |
-Methanogens -Halophiles -Thermophiles |
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methane releasing |
Methanogens |
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lives in high salt areas |
Halophiles |
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lives in extreme temperatures |
Thermophiles |
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protein coat covering virus; present in all viruses. |
Capsid |
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Capsids are made from protein subunits called: |
Capsomeres |
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Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all. |
Envelope |
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When do viruses reproduce? |
Only reproduce when they enter a host cell |
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What do viruses lack (two items) that are necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism? |
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism |
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What are the the Six viral genome structures? |
-dsDNA -ssDNA -dsRNA -ssRNA: serve as mRNA -ssRNA: serve as template for mRNA -ssRNA: serve as template for DNA (retro) |
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Viruses that causes AIDS? |
HIV (a retrovirus) |
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Who is Peters Duesberg? |
Berkley professor that said HIV is harmless because only bad people contract HIV. |
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What type of ssRNA does Polio have? |
ssRNA that can serve as mRNA |
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Can cause paralysis in motor neurons: |
Polio |
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How is Polio transmitted? |
Transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water |
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Where was Polio worse? |
Worse in intermediately clean cities |
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Salk vaccine, 1954 |
Polio |
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Inflammation of the liver |
Hepatits |
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How many different types of Hepatitis viruses are there? |
5 |
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ssRNA, no envelope; fecal-oral |
Hep A |
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ssRNA with envelope; sexually transmitted/blood |
Hep C |
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Bullet shaped envelope (ss RNA) |
Rabies |
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Long incubation period |
rabies |
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Almost always fatal if unvaccinated |
rabies |
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Is rabies zoonotic? |
yes |
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commonly known as the flu |
Influenza |
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Symptoms of the flu: |
fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness |
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Is the flu epidemic or endemic? |
Many Epidemic |
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How many people died in the Pandemic episode (1918-1919) of the Spanish flu? |
100 million died |
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infectious protein particles |
prions |
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What Three diseases/tribe are caused by the infectious protein particles (prions)? |
-Mad cow disease -Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease -Kuru (Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea) |
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Both a multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stages in the life cycles: |
alternation of generation |
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Origin of land plants |
about 475 mya |
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Origin if vascular plants |
about 425 mya |
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Origin of extant seed plants |
about 305 mya |
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What are the Three divisions of Nonvascular Seedless plants? |
-Bryophyta (mosses) -Hepatophyta (liverworts) -Anthocerophyta (hornworts) |
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What are the Four divisions of Vascular Seedless plants? |
-Lycophyta (club mosses) -Psilophyta (whiskferns) -Spenophyta (horsetails) -Pterphyta (ferns) |
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How is the Kingdom Plantae currently defined? |
currently defined as plants with embryos |
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Bryophyta |
mosses |
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Hepatophyta |
liverworts |
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Anthocerophyta |
hornworts |
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Lycophyta |
club mosses |
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Psilophyta |
whiskferns |
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Spenophyta |
horsetails |
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Pterophyta |
ferns |
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Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) - no true leaves, roots, stems |
Bryophytes |
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Describe the Gametophyta/Sporophyta in the division Bryophytes: |
Gametophyta: antheridium and archegonium Sporangium: produces spores |
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What are the two forms of Liverworts? |
Leafy and Thalloid |
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What are the % of the the two forms (leafy and thalloid) of liverwort? |
Leafy (80%) Thalloid (20%) |
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What type of reproduction is seem in Liverworts in the division Hepatophyta? |
Asexual and Sexual (Gemma cups) |
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Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes |
Anthocerophyta-Hornworts |
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Most closely related to higher plants |
Anthocerophyta-hornworts |
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Describe the vascular tissue seem in the vascular seedless plants- Pteridophytes: |
xylem (water) phloem (food) true leaves, roots, and stems |
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What is Lignin |
chemical in cell wall |
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Which division is Lignin seen in? |
Pteridophytes |
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Which generation is dominate in the Pteridophytes? |
sporophyte generation dominate |
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What do the sperm have in the division Pteridophytes? |
sperm with flagella |
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Describe the vascular system seen in Lycophyta: |
True leaves: microphylls True stems True roots |
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small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein |
Microphylls |
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What is the name of the leaves that produce spores that are seen in Lycophyta? |
Sporophylls |
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Describe the vascular system seen in the division Psilophyta-whisk ferns: |
True stems -no true leaves -no true roots |
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Describe the vascular system seen in Spenophyta-horsetails: |
True leaves: microphylls True stems: silica True roots |
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What type of leaves are seen in Sphenophyta-horsetails? |
microphylls |
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What is the stem made out of in Sphenophyta-horsetails? |
silica |
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Which division? |
Pterophyta |
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What are the four characteristics found in vascular plants? |
-xylem (water), Phloem (food). -true leaves, roots, and stems. -Sporophyte generation dominate. -lignin |
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Give an example of a Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte |
mosses |
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Give an example of a Large sporophyte and small independent gametophyte |
Ferns |
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Give an example of a Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte. |
seed plants |
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Why be sporophyte dominant? |
reduced mutations - UV light harmful to DNA -Diploid form copes better with mutations (two alleles). |
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Why Retain Gametophyte Generation? |
-ability to screem alleles: doesnt require a large amount of energy. - Sporophyte embryos rely on some gametophyte tissue. |
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What is a seed? |
-A seed is a sporophyte in a package: spores are only single cells and Packaged with food. |
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All seed plants are _________ (more than one kind of spore). Megasporangia and microsporangia. |
Heterosporous |
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Why do plants produce seeds? |
-can remain dormant for yers - pollination replaces swimming sperm |
