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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 structures of prokaryotes |
Cocci (sphere) , bacilli (rod), spiral |
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Taxis |
Ability to move toward or away from stimulus |
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Positively phototaxis |
Move towards the light |
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Negative phototaxis |
Moves away from the light |
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Fimbrae |
Used to attach to substrate or to each other |
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Pili |
Used in DNA exchange |
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Vector |
Transmits disease - like lymes disease |
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Ways bacteria can negatively affect us |
Exotoxins- secreted by bacteria species can already be gone Endotoxins - released only when bacteria dies and cell walls break down exposing contents |
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Horizontal gene transfer can spread genes associated with virulence example: |
Pathogenic strains of ecoli contain genes that were acquired through transduction |
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Possible shape of prokaryotes |
Cocci (sphere) bacilli (rod) spiral |
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Most studied bacteria |
E. coli |
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possible ways bacteria can be used to make environmentally friendly alternatives |
Used to make plastics Used to engineer ethanol from agricultural waste in order to reduce fossil fuels |
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Bioremediation |
Prokaryotes are principle agents in this -- the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment - bacteria can be engineered to produce vitamins antibiotics and hormones |
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Prokaryote cell membrane made of |
Peptoglycan |
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Purpose of prokaryote call wall |
Prevent bursting in hypotonic environment / maintain shape/ isotonic/ will determine type of antibiotics you use |
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Gram negative |
More antibiotic reistant because more complex |
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Spirulina |
Supposed to have anti inflammatory properties Prone to pollutantS Will sent it to people going to Mars as a supplement |
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Protists as a name |
Generic term that refers to anything single called and eukaryotic "Protesta kingdom" isn't really used anymore Is an incredibly diverse group |
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Cessile |
Can't move opposite of mobile |
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Advantage of euk than prok |
More complex, bigger, have more organelles |
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Protists nutrition |
Most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes Photoautotrophs- contain chloroplasts Heterotrophs - absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles Mixotrophs- combine photosynthesis and hererotropic nutrition |
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Reproduction of protists |
highly varied, some can only reproduce asexually others can reproduce sexually or at least employ meiosis and fertilization |
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Euglena |
Can be mixotroph when there's light available and hererotrophs when there isn't |
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4 Super groups of eukaryotes |
1- excavata 2- "sar" clad 3- archaeplastida 4- unkonta |
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Excavata |
Include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella The clade Excavata is characterisized by its cytoskeleton Some members have excavated feeding groove This group includes : Diplomonads Parabaslids Euglenozoans |
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Example of excavata Diplomonads |
Giardia intestinal is--a diplomonad parasite |
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Endosymbiosis |
Beginning of organelles- mitochondria / plasids Primary Secondary |
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Diplomonads and Parabaslids |
Lack plasids Modified mitochondria Mostly live in Anaerobic environments |
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Kinds of asexual reproduction |
Meiosis and fertilization |
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Euglenozoans |
unique flagella 2 subgroups: Kinetoplastids and Euglenids |
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Fimbrae |
Used to attach to substrate or to each other |
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Pili |
Used in DNA exchange |
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How prokaryotes move |
Some glide some have flagella can move in water can move on other things or organisms |
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Structural DNA diff between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
Very different probably evolved independent of one another |
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Taxis |
Ability to move towards or away from stimulus |
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Plasmids |
Ring of bacterial DNA |
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Bacteria and DNA |
Bacteria can take on and do recombination DNA naturally -- important to evolution |
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Transcription btwn eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
Have some similarities which allows us to kill bacterial cells and not us with antibiotics |
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Closest relatives to land plants |
Red algae and green algae |
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Red algae |
Reddish due to phycoerythrin which allows them to live deeper in the water more reflective and refractive where there is less competition Get darker red as they go deeper Largest is seaweed Usually multicellular Most abundant in tropics - lots of this group used as food sources lots of nutritional value K,a vitamins fiber in seaweed |
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Green algae |
Chloroplasts Plants evolve from these 2 groups charophytes and chlorophytes Charophytes most close to land plants |
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Chlorophytes |
One of the two groups of green algae Chlorophytes mostly live in fresh water and damp soil, often live as symbionts forming a lichen "pioneer" species can live on pure rock first to break down Rock for soil, some can live exposed to radiation Larger size and greater complexity Formation of colonies from Indiv cells Repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division Complex life cycle a sexual and sexual phases |
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Charophytes |
Closely related to plants |
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Amoebozoans |
In unikonta group Are amoeba that have love or tube shaped rather than threadlike pseudopodia Include slime molds tubulinids and entamoebas How do plants communicate with each other? Because they can |
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Slime molds |
Not fungi but fungi properties Lifestylewise due to convergent evolution Two groups plasmodial and cellular |
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Plasmodial slime molds |
Brightly pigmented usually yellow or orange Not multicellular but multinucleated Life cycle: Feeding plasmodium - multinucleated blob feeds through phagocytosis ---> mature plasmodium sending out sporamgium which contains spores ---> mature sporangium forms stalk --> spores |
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Cellular slime mold |
Solitary cell feeding stage through phagocytosis ---> cells come together to form blob,aggregated amoeba Also have sexual stage if needed Dictyostelium- is an experimental model for studying evolution of multicellularIty |
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Tubulinids |
Big consumers of bacteria Amoeba like Big part of food chain/ ecosystem Common in moist soil fresh water and salt water |
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Entamoebas |
Parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates Entamoeba histolyitca causes amoebic dysentery third largest parasitic death cause |
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reproduction of prokaryotes |
short generation time reproduce average 1-3 hours 1-binary fission like mitosis get bigger until they split if everything is good (rapid mutation rates contribute to diversity) 2-fragmentation- breaking into pieces downside is no genetic variation 3- genetic recombination- horizontal gene transfer |
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transformation |
prokaryotic cell genotype and possibly phenotype altered by uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings |
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Transduction |
phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host to another, injecting DNA from first cell into second-- resulting in recombinant cell movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) |
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Conjugation |
DNA transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined together ---one cell donates DNA other receives it |
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how prokaryotes get their energy |
4 major models of nutrition prototrophs/chemotrophs/autotrophs/heterotrophs |
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obligate aerobe |
have to have oxygen |
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obligate anaerobe |
cant have oxygen--- fermentation or anaerobic |
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furlative anaerobe |
can survive with or without oxygen |
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nitrogen fixation |
some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) |
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Legumes symbiotic relationship |
Legumes have symbiotic relationship with root nodules that can fix nitrogen |
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crop rotation |
legumes allow constant influx of nitrogen naturally |
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heterocyst |
specialized cells that can fix nitrogen not photosynthetic, metabolic cooperation |
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biofilm |
metabolic cooperation surface filling colonies ex: fury build up on teeth -kamoto dragon have the most mouth bacteria |
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ecoli |
not pathogen to all animals but is to us as samanella |
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campylobacteria |
causes blood poisoning |
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helicobacter pylori |
causes stomach ulsters |
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chlamydias |
trachomatics causes blindness and nongonococchal urethritis by sexual transmission |
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lymes disease |
caused by spiral heat bacteria |
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halophile |
archaea love salt like the great salt lake |
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thermophile |
archaea love heat |
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methanogen |
archaea love methane swamps marsches, hates oxygen |
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Red salt lake in Spain caused by |
archae from genus Halobacterium |
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most abundant organism on earth |
prokaryotes |
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peptidoglycan |
what most bacterial cell walls are composed of instead of the eukaryotic cellulose |
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gram positive bacteria |
have simpler walls with relatively large amts of peptidoglycan |
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gram negatie bacteria |
have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex --tend to be more resistant to antibiotics |
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endospores |
bacteria develop these when they lack essential nutrients, covered copy of its chromosome -can survive dormat for long periods of times and reactivate -used in biological warfare or unearthing new species -can be harmless or next ebolla outbreak |
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nuceloid |
region of cytoplasm where bacteria chromosomes are located since they do not have a nucleus |
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protist reproduction |
can do sexually or asexually (meoisis or fertilization) |
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SAR clade |
highly diverse monophyletic subgroup named for stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians most controversial of four groups defined by DNA similarities |
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Diatoms |
subgroup of Stramenopiles single cell algae have unique 2 part glass-like body made of silicone bottom of food chain in ocean besides bacteria highly diverse DI earth-- build up of sentiment on the ocean floor of their dead bodies -used in agriculture to put into soil helps remove co2 in ocean |
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golden algae |
stramenopiles yellow and brown carotenoids cells of golden algae biflagellated with both flagella near one end photoynthetic-some mixotrophs most unicellular some colonial |
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brown algae |
stramenopiles largest and most complex algae, multicellular, marine kelp--plant like, some are free floating very slimy protection from drying out and being eaten analagous to plants holdfasts- like roods alternate between haploid and diploid alteration of generations |
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dinoflagellates |
aveolates have two flagella for each cell reinforced by cellulose plates both fresh water and marine phytoplankton some are photo/mixo/ heterotrophs responsible for red tide in Australia |
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biomagniciation |
paralytic shellfish posioning-- disteria; huge health and economic problem |
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apicomplexans |
parasites have sporozoites, specialized cells to invade the host have specialized organelles that can get into tissues reproduce sexually or asexually during life cycles they may need two or more hosts to complete cycle includes plasmodium parasite |
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plasmodiums |
kills 2 mil people every year via malaria requires humans and mosquitos to complete life cycle ongoing efforts to develop vaccines continually changes its surface proteins |
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cilliates |
have cillia -- use to feed and move very large amount of variation have 1 large nucleus mostly binary fission in cilliates and conjugation exchanging micro nuclei |
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rhizarians |
mostly amoebas, can move, eats via phagocytosis pseudopodia are threadlike |
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radiolarians |
cilica makes up their pseudopodia delicate/ glass like radial symmetry |
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forams |
porus, generally multichambered shells called tests. pseudopodia extend through pores in the test many have endosymbiotic algae like diatoms are a major part of fossil record sentimate at ocean floor, used to look at climate change |
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cercozoans |
found everywhere in water hetero/parasites/ predators most amoeba threadlike species are in this group |
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red algae |
member of archaeplastida group are reddish due to phycoerythrin greenish red in shallow water and darker deeper usually multicellular---largest is seaweed most abundant in large algae in the tropics |
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3 E's of prokaryotes |
Evolutionary: 1st living things, can reproduce quickly (binary fission), unicellular, wide range of habitats, can metabolize nitrogen Ecological: Chemoheterobtrophs/decomposers, without prokaryotes there would be no life, symbiotic relationships, metabolic activities provide energy to support ocean floor, pest control Economical: Pathogens, biofilms costs billions of dollars a year, aids in farming regenerating soil (legumes), used as weapons for bio terrorism, used as fuel, used for medicines such as insulin |
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3 E's of protists |
Evolutionary: precursor to plants and fungi, first eukaryotic cells, first multicellular, good fossil records, sexual and asexual reproduction--more sophisticated life cycles Ecological: source of oxygen "blooms"--red ties, can be ecologically disasterous carbon sinks take on CO2 parasites source of oxygen, consumers of bacteria, used in sewage treatment Economical: source of food source of minerals biological research meds and vitamins, pathogens can cause disease (great potato famine) cell signaling studies |
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Members of Excavata group |
Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans |
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3 sub groups of SAR |
Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians |
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Stramenopiles |
other than plants most important photosynthesis oxygen contributor, have hairy and smooth flagella Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae |
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Alveolates |
"lungs" membrane enclosed sacs just under plasma membrane -Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Cillates |
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Rhizarians |
Mostly amoebas, cytoplasm endo exto eat by phagocytosis, threadlike pseudopodia -Forams, cercozoans, radiolarians |
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Archaplastida |
Red algae, chlorophytes, charophytes, land plants |
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green algae |
chlorophytes and charophytes |
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unikonta 2 subgroups |
controversial group with two sub groups Amoebozoans Opisthokonts |
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Amoebozoans |
Slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas |
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Opisthokonts |
Nuclariids, fungi, choanoflagellates, animals |
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What gave rise to enormous diversity of protists that exist today? |
Endosymbiosis-- a relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell of another organism |
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how did mitochondria and plastis derive |
from prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestors of early eukaryotic cells. Defining moment when cell engulfed bacterium that would later become mitochondria |
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how plastids evolved |
evolved from a cyanobacterium engulfed by heterotrophic eukaryote ancestor then diversified into red and green algae later engulfed by other eukaryotes |
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secondary endosymbiosis |
ingested in the food vacuoles of heterotrophic eukaryotes and became endosymbionts themselves |
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Diplomonads |
Member of Excavata clade reduced mitochondria called mitosomes have 2 nuclei and multiple flagella most are parasites example- Giardia |
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Parabasalids |
reduced mitochondria that generate some energy anaerobically Examples: trichomonas vaginalis- yeast infection |
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Kinetoplastids and Eulenids |
Two subgroups of Euglenozoands Kinetoplastids- -single mitochondria with kinetoplasts -free living species consumers of prokaryotes in water -some are parasitic like trypanosoma-- sleeping sickness and chargas disease -A lot of these disease causing parasites are difficult to treat because they can switch cell cycle proteins Euglenids- -one or two flagella -can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic (mixatrophic) -many feed via phagocytosis |
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haploid vs diploid |
haploid- having a single set of unpaired chromosomes diploid- containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
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sporophyte |
name of a diploid individual because it produces spores -the spores are haploid and move by flagella -develop ot multicellular male and female gametophytes which produce gametes -leads to matrue diploid zygote and proces begins again |
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heteromorphic |
when sporophyte and gametophytes are structurally different
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prokaryotes in hypo vs hypertonic environments |
hypo- swell up could burst which is why cell well protects hyper- shrink away from their wall and loose water, this is why salt is used to preserve food |
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F factor |
ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation results from this particular piece of DNA -can exist as plasmid or in the chromosome |
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phototrophs |
obtain energy from light |
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chemotrophs |
obtain energy from chemicals |
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autotrophs |
only need CO2 or related carbon sources |
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heterotrophs |
require at least one organic nutrient such as glucose |
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two separate lineages of prokaryotes have evolved in |
bacteria vs archaea |
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mutualism vs commensalism vs parasitism |
mutualism- where both host and symbiont benefits commensalism- one benefits one is uneffected parasitism- parasite eats cell contents/tissues/fluids of the host and harms them but usually doesn't kill them or at least not immediately |
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pathogens |
parasites that cause disease, many are prokaryotic |
