Bio 2 Exam 2

Front 1

Energy

Back 1

Ability to do work

Potential Energy- energy housed in a body, energy stored within a system

Front 2

Anabolism

Back 2

Building up energy

Biosynthesis

Building complex molecules from simpler ones (building up tissue types and organs, cell growth and repair, development of body, monomers/subunits into macromolecules)

Front 3

Catabolism

Back 3

Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones

Makes materials available for anabolism

Makes energy available for work

Front 4

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Back 4

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O

glucose (food) + oxygen = energy

Front 5

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Back 5

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Front 6

Coenzymes

Back 6

NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

-NAD vs NADH (oxidized vs reduced forms)

FAD (Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide)

-FAD vs FADH and FADH2 (oxidized vs reduced forms)

Acetyl CoA

Front 7

Glycolysis

Back 7

Cytosol

Spits glucose (6 C sugar) into two 3 C sugars

Each 3 C sugar is oxidized to form 2 pyruvate molecules

Energy gain ( 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH)

Front 8

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 8

In mitochondria

Enzymes transform 2 pyruvate from glycolysis into 2 Acetyl CoA

Energy gain (2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2)

Front 9

Electron Chain

Back 9

In mitochondria

NADH and FADH2 from CAC and Glycolysis travel along membrane donating electrons

Front 10

Fermentation Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Back 10

Generates ATP in absence of o2 = anaerobic (2 ATP per glucose molecule (less efficient))

Normal glycolysis and CAC, but problem in ETC (NADH build up)

Front 11

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 11

Animal Cells: muscle cramps from increased acidity from increased lactic acid

Front 12

Alcohol Fermentation

Back 12

Other cells: yeast, fungi, bacteria

Ethanol = alcohol

Front 13

Neurosoma or soma

Back 13

Contains nucleus, organelles

Front 14

Nissl Bodies

Back 14

Organelles that make neurotransmitters (chemical signals)

Front 15

Dendrites

Back 15

Branch from soma (increases distance over which signals can be received)

Primary site for receiving signals

Front 16

Axon

Back 16

Branch from soma (increases distance over which signals can be transmitted)

Conveys information away from neuron

Front 17

Schwann Cells

Back 17

Make and enclose axon in myelin sheath

Provide protection and insulation for neurons

Speeds up signal transmission

Front 18

Central Nervous System

Back 18

Brain, Spinal Column

Interneurons (receive signals via afferent pathway, integrate information, send signals via efferent pathway)

Front 19

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 19

Nerves of the trunk and limbs

Sensory division and motor division

Front 20

Glial Cells (CNS)

Back 20

Oligodendrocytes (insulate axons)

Ependymal Cells (produce cerebrospinal fluid)

Mircroglia (macrophages (specific to brain))

Astocytes (help to seal blood brain barrier)

Front 21

Glial Cells (PNS)

Back 21

Schwann Cells (insulate axons)

Satellite Cells (insulate neurosoma)

Front 22

Refractory Period

Back 22

Time to re-polarize

Front 23

Saltatory Conduction

Back 23

Nodes of Ranvier (small sections of unmyelinated axon, abundance on voltage-dependent gates, generate new action potentials, ensures signal keeps original strength)

Front 24

Somatic Nervous System

Back 24

Voluntary Movement

Involuntary Movement (reflexes) and some may be conditioned (ex. Pavlov's dog)

Front 25

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 25

Self governed (involuntary actions)

Sympathetic nervous division (thoracic and lumbar region of spinal cord, accelerates (Fight or flight))

Parasympathetic nervous division (brain, cervical and sacral region of spinal cord) (Decelerates)

Front 26

Neurotransmitter

Back 26

Chemical signal released by neuron

Hormones may act as neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

Front 27

Acetylcholine

Back 27

One neurotransmitter secreted/used by both divisions

Several effector cells/tissues

Front 28

Norepinephrine

Back 28

Epinephrine- slightly different makeup but same effect

(known as adrenaline and stress hormone)

Secreted largely by sympathetic

Promotes labor contractions, inhabits digestion, regulated blood vessel diameter (where needed), dilates bronchioles, excites heart rate, fight or flight

Front 29

Brain Anatomy (basic)

Back 29

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem

Front 30

Cerebrum

Back 30

Largest part of the brain, left and right hemispheres, highly folded to yield high surface area

Lobes: (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula)

Limbic System

Front 31

Cerebellum

Back 31

Left and right hemispheres, houses most of brain's neurons, regulates motor coordination, tactile

Spatial perception (3D, maps)

Temporal perception (time)

Combining types of perception (hand/eye coordination)

Front 32

Brainstem

Back 32

Medulla oblongata (shared pathway, regulated rhythms)

Pons

Midbrain

Diencephalon (hypothalamus and homeostasis)

Front 33

Modality

Back 33

The type of stimulus produced/sensation detected

Front 34

Phasic Receptors

Back 34

Quick to adapt

Front 35

Tonic Receptors

Back 35

Slow to adapt

Front 36

Sensory receptor classification

Back 36

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Nociceptors

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Front 37

Thermoreceptors

Back 37

Stimulated by presence of heat (or lack of)

Internal regulate core temperature

External regulate surface temperature

Front 38

Photoreceptors

Back 38

Stimulated by light wavelengths (electromagnetic energy)

Rods (rhodopsin, vision)

Cones (photopsin, color vision, color blindness)

Front 39

Nociceptors

Back 39

Type of pain sensation changes with anatomy of placement (quality and quantity)

Front 40

Chemoreceptors

Back 40

Gustatory

Stimulated by solutes

Olfactory

Stimulated by solutes (odors, scents)

Pheromones

Front 41

Mechanoreceptors

Back 41

Stimulated by touch, motion, changes in pressure

Front 42

Sensory Dysfunction

Back 42

Failure to receive sensations (blindness, deafness)

Front 43

Perception Dysfunction

Back 43

Failure to appropriately interpret sensations (agnosia, schizophrenia, illusion vs. hallucination)

Front 44

Sensory receptors

Back 44

To sense: reception, transduction, amplification, transmission, integration)