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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
quantitative trait loci
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A set of genes that determines a complex character that exhibits quantitative variation.
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F2
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The second filial generation; the immediate progeny of a mating between members of the F1 generation.
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test cross
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Mating of a dominant-phenotype individual (who may be either heterozygous or homozygous) with a homozygous-recessive individual.
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penetrance
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The proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype.
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phenotype
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The observable properties of an individual resulting from both genetic and environmental factors.
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wild type
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Geneticists’ term for standard or reference type. Deviants from this standard, even if the deviants are found in the wild, are usually referred to as mutant.
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allele
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The alternate form of a genetic character found at a given locus on a chromosome.
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genetic linkage
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Association between genes on the same chromosome such that they do not show random assortment and seldom recombine; the closer the genes, the lower the frequency of recombination.
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sex-linked inheritance
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Inheritance of a gene that is carried on a sex chromosome.
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plasmid
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A DNA molecule distinct from the chromosome(s); that is, an extrachromosomal element; found in many bacteria. May replicate independently of the chromosome.
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hybrid vigor
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The superior fitness of heterozygous offspring as compared with that of their dissimilar homozygous parents.
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trait
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In genetics, a specific form of a character.
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polymorphic
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Coexistence in a population of two or more distinct traits.
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pedigree
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The pattern of transmission of a genetic trait within a family.
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parental (P) generation
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The individuals that mate in a genetic cross. Their offspring are the first filial (F1) generation.
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dihybrid cross
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A mating in which the parents differ with respect to the alleles of two loci of interest.
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conjugation
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(1) A process by which DNA is passed from one cell to another through a tube, as in bacteria. (2) A nonreproductive sexual process by which Paramecium and other ciliates exchange genetic material.
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mutation
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A change in the genetic material not caused by recombination.
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homozygous
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In diploid organisms, having identical alleles of a given gene on both homologous chromosomes.
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codominance
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A condition in which two alleles at a locus produce different phenotypic effects and both effects appear in heterozygotes.
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law of independent assortment
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During meiosis, the random separation of genes carried on nonhomologous chromosomes into gametes so that inheritance of these is random. Mendel's second law.
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heterozygous
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In diploid organisms, having different alleles of a given gene on the pair of homologs carrying that gene.
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Punnett square
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Method of predicting the results of a genetic cross by arranging the gametes of each parent at the edges of a square.
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genotype
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An exact description of the genetic constitution of an individual, either with respect to a single trait or with respect to a larger set of traits.
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F1
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The first filial generation; the immediate progeny of a parental (P) mating.
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character
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In genetics, an observable feature, such as eye color.
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locus
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In genetics, a specific location on a chromosome. May be considered synonymous with gene.
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sex pilus
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A thin connection between two bacteria through which genetic material passes during conjugation.
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carrier
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In genetics, a person heterozygous for a recessive trait.
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monohybrid cross
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A mating in which the parents differ with respect to the alleles of only one locus of interest.
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recombination frequency
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The proportion of offspring of a genetic cross that have phenotypes different from the parental phenotypes due to crossing over between linked genes during gamete formation.
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law of segregation
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The separation of alleles, or of homologous chromosomes, from each other during meiosis so that each of the haploid daughter nuclei produced contains one or the other member of the pair found in the diploid parent cell, but never both. Mendel's first law.
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incomplete dominance
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Condition in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.
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epistasis
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Interaction between genes in which the presence of a particular allele of one gene determines whether another gene will be expressed.
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expressivity
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The degree to which a genotype is expressed in the phenotype; may be affected by the environment.
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recessive
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In genetics, an allele that does not determine phenotype in the presence of a dominant allele.
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