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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Function of chemosensory cells
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sense the presence of certain chemicals in air or water
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Insect chemosensory cells
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on their mouth parts, legs, and antennae
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Mammal chemosensory cells
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olfactory receptors within the nasal cavity and taste buds on the tongue
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function of mechoreceptors in mammalian skin
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mechoreceptors in mammalian skin
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Large crustacean gravity/motion sensors
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Statocyst located at the base of the antenna in large crustaceans such as crayfish. The statocyst is a small sphere lined with cells that bear cilia. The hollow center of the structure contains a small particle about the size of a sand grain. As the orientation of the crayfish head changes, the inner particle moves and presses against different groups of cilia. This pressure is due to gravity. When the information is passed to the brain by sensory neurons, the animal knows which direction is down.
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Vertebrate gravity/motion sensors
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otoliths and fluid sacs in the skill for gravity
Often just called "the inner ear" |
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Lateral line system in fish
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The "hair cells" that are able to detect vibrations and movement in the water
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Ear of amphibian
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Amphibians have tymapnic membrane
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Ear of mammal
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complicated 3 parts
Outer ear into the tympanic membrane ("eardrum"). Middle ear same as in amphibians but with 3 bones instead of one The inner ear receives vibrations. The stapes vibrates against the oval window and the cochlea detects the vbrations/frequencies and sends information to the brain. |
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Photoreception in euglena
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This protists has chloroplasts and makes food by photosynthesis.
Must be in the light; senses light with light-sens spot near flagella |
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Photoreception in planarian
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planarian has a pair of eyecups on the upper surface of its head; by detecting light, it is able to move to dark places, more suitable for hiding
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Structure of eyecup
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group of light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors
surrounded on one side by a layer of cells that contain pigment, which absorbs light coming from that direction light can only be detected on one side of the cup. the two eyecups face in opposite directions so that the direction of light can always be determined |
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Structure and function of arthropod eye
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Simple eyes that form an image
Insects also have compound eyes with multiple lenses that are optimized for motion detection Unlike eyecups, simple eyes have a lens to help focus |
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Insect compound eye structure
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A number of individual units called ommatidia, each has a lens.
Eyes are on sides of head and very quick to notices changes in motion/light. |
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Vertebrate and cephalopod mollusc eye
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complex, single-lens eye that forms a clear image
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Rods detect this in vertebrate eyes
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dim light
black and white images |
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Cones detect this in verbrate eyes
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bright light
color images |
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The iris of the vertebrate eye controls
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the amount of light let in
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Sponges lack a nervous system but respond to stimuli by
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pores that can open and close based upon water quality
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Radial symmetrical hydra nervous system
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Diffuse nervous system with no central control
Often a "nerve net" |
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Bilaterally symmetrical planarian nervous system
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Because of varying degrees of cephalaziation, depends but always a collection of nerves at the "head"
Usually includes a nerve cord |
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Ganglion is a
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concentration of nuerons
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Annelid nervous system
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Single or double nerve cords along ventral side
Pair of large ganglia in the head region |
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Arthropod nervous system
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Similar to annelids but with a large complex brain
Ventral nerve cord with ganglia branches into periphery |
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Cephalopod molluscs nervous systems
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larger concentration of nuerons in head
several subdivisions that control different bodily functions 2 pair of ventral nerve cords |
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The brain of the octopus, a ___ is __.
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cephalopod mollusc
awesome |
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Vertebrate nervous system
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Central nerve cord on dorsal side surrounded by vertebrate
Nerve cord has hollow center call spinal cord Cranial nerves connect to paired spinal nerves |
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These have a large brain
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Vertebrates
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Dendrite of neuron
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receive signals and conduct them towards the cell body
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Axon of neuron
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conduct signals away from cell body to another neuron or muscle
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Sensory neuron
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part of PNS
receive information from environment and transmit to CNS |
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Motor neuron
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relay information from CNS to PNS
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Internueron
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Located within brain and spinal cord
Relay information from one neuron to another Memory and reasoning ability related to internuerns |
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Central nervous system
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CNS
brain and spinal cord |
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Peripheral nervous system
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PNS
everything other than brain and spinal cord |
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Structure/function of reflex arc
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The loop by which information goes from sensory neuron to spinal cord and a motor neuron (knee jerk)
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cerebral hemispheres
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form the largest part of the mammalian brain
They are the site of all higher order brain functions, including integration of sensory information, generation of commands to skeletal muscles, learning, memory, and the ability to reason |
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Cerebral cortex
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Outer layer of cerebrum
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Hypothalamus
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forebrain outcroppings
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Cerebellum
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anterior
integrate information from cerebrum and spinal cord to coordinate multiple muscular contractions in a way that maintains balance and carries out the commands of the cerebrum |
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medulla oblongata
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anterior, attaches brain to spinal cord
coordinates basic reflexes and controls homeostatic processes such as heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and overall function of the digestive tract |
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Four lobes of cerebrum
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Frontal
Parietal Occipital Temporal |
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Frontal lobe
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voluntary movement
decision making controlling impulse exhibiting judgement |
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Parietal lobe
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receives and interprets sensory information from eyes and skin
Spatial awareness |
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Occipital lobe
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controls vision and color recognition
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Temporal lobe
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Language
Hearing Some memory |
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Overlap between hypothalmus and medulla differs by
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hypothalmus works via hormone secretion
medulla acts through autonomic nervous system |
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Part of the brain with folding
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central hemispheres
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Mammals with largest brain to body proportion
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humans
dolphins |
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Neurosecretion is
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neurons that secrete hormones
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Neurosecretion originated in
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cnidarians
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neurosecretion as their main source of hormones
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flatworms
nematodes annelids |
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neurosecretion and an endocrine organ work together to regulate metamorphosis in moths
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2 hormones are required for molting, one from the brain (juvenile hormone) and one from the endocrine system (ecdysone)
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thyroid gland
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regulates the body's metabolic rate and provides feedback to the hypothalamus regarding blood levels of thyroid hormones
thyroxine and triiodothyronine |
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adrenal cortex
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secretes glucocorticoids that respond to stress and exert feedback by inhibiting secretion of ACTH
glucocorticoids |
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ovaries
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estradiol and progesterone
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testes
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testosterone
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FSH
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stimulates follicle growth
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LH
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spikes to induce ovulation and increase progestin release
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Hypothalmus secretes GnRH to __.
High progestin creates__. |
induce the pitutary glad to produce FSH and LH
negative feedback. |
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How mammals adapt to single sexual cycle per year
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Hormone secretion is turned off when not cycling and no mating occurs.
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Symptoms of diabetes
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fatigue, frequent urination, excessive thirst, and unusual weight loss
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Cause of type 1 diabetes
Cause of type 2 diabetes |
Type 1 the body's immune system mistakes the beta cells for pathogens and destroys them
pancreas over secretes for type 2 and wear out |
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Nerves and hormones work together to regulate function of the human digestive system by
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controlling muscular contractions and the rate of secretion from digestive organs
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The digestive tract contains an independent network of nerves that control
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peristalsis and secretion
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Nervous system control of salivary gland secretion can be demonstrated by
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conditioning experiments
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Role of brain in digestion
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regulates satiety and appetite
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gastrin is produced here and does this
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stomach
causes stomach muscle to contract and acid to be produced |
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secretin
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duodenum
release of bicarbonate |
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CCK
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duodenum
release of bicarbonate and gall bladder contraction |
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Enteric nerves' role in digestion
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When the stomach is stretched, nerve signals travel to the brain and appetite decreases. Hormones produced by the digestive tract travel to the brain via the blood stream and produce a feeling of satiety.
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Leptin is produced in
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fat tissue
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ADH
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antidiruetic hormone
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If water content of the blood decreases, this condition is detected by __ within the __ of the brain
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osmoreceptors
hypothalamus |
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ADH acts by doing this
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travels to the kidneys and elicits increased reabsorption of water from the filtrate; less urine is produced and water is conserved.
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Aldosterone, produced in and does
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adrenal gland
stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. |
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ANP
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atrium of heart
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Sympathetic nervous system
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readies body for action; increases heart rate, dilates bronchial tubes for easier breathing, and shuts down digestive functions to preserve energy for the muscles
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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restores body to resting; signals heart rate to slow, bronchial tubes to constrict, and digestion to resume
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Example of nervous and endocrine response to stress
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increase in heart and breathing rate that is elicited both by the hormone epinephrine and sympathetic nerves; additionally, sympathetic nerves stimulate secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal glands.
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Epinephrine is made here
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medulla
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Epinephrine has this effect
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produces many of the stress-response effects, most notably a dilation of bronchial tubes to allow deep, rapid breathing and an increase in heart rate
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Epinephrine has a __ effect
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short
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Glucocortoirids has a __ effect
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long
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Vagus nerve
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returns body to resting state
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