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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
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Formation of coenzyme in Krebs cycle, if deficient beriberi disease
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Vitamin B12
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coenzyme in synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids; formation of RBC's, if deficient then anemic
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Niacin
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component of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+
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Folate
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coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism
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Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
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used in collagen synthesis, prevents oxidation of cell components, improves iron absorption, if deficient than scurvy
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Vitamin D
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aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine, if deficient than rickets
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Calcium
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bone and tooth formation, nerve signaling, muscle response
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Phosphorus
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bone and tooth formation, synthesis of nucleotides and ATP
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Sulfer
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amino acid synthesis
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Magnesium
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enzyme cofactor
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Iron
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enzyme cofactor; synthesis of hemoglobin and electron carriers
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Fluorine
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maintenance of tooth structure
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Mouth
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mechanically and chemically processes food. chewing reduces size of food and saliva digests carbohydrates
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Esophagus
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transports food mechanically via peristalsis
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Stomach
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Mechanical and chemical processing for the digestion of proteins
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Small intestine
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Chemical processing and absorption for the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbs, also for absorption of nutrients and water
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Large intestine
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water absorption and feces formation
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Rectum
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holds feces
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Anus
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eliminates feces
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Salivary glands
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secretes salivary amylase that digests carbs, supplies lubricating mucus
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Liver
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produces bile salts, secretes molecules required for the digestion of fats, and stores glycogen
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Gallbladder
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stores bile from the liver; empties into small intestine to emulsify fats
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Pancreas
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gland attached to small intestine that secretes pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, and trypsin into the small intestine and insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
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Pancreatic amylase
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a carb digesting enzyme in the lumen of the s.i. that breaks carbs into mono, di, and tri saccharides
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Pancreatic lipase
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a fat digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the lumen of the small intestine. with help from bile salts breaks lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids
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Pepsin
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a protein digesting enzyme produce in the stomach that degrades large polypeptides to smaller polypeptides
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trypsin
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a protein digesting enzyme produced by the pancreas, secreted in the small intestine, and activated by enterokinase, it in turn activates several other protein digesting enzymes
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enterokinase
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converts trypsinogen from the pancreas into active trypsin
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Chylomicrons
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a ball of protein coated lipids, used to transport the lipids through the bloodstream
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Cardiac sphincter
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top stomach sphincter
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pyloric sphincter
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bottom stomach sphincter
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Parietal Cells
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cells in stomach lining that secrete HCL
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Chief cells
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cells in stomach lining that secrete pepsinogen
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Secretin
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stimulates flow of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from pancreas
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Cholecystokinin
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stimulates release of trypsinogen and other enzymes from pancreas
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Bile salts
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produced in liver, act as emulsifying agents in the small intestine
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What happens if glucose levels are too high?
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The pancreas secretes insulin
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What happens if glucose levels are too low?
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The pancreas secretes glucagon
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Describe when aquatic habitats have low oxygen partial pressures
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stagnant, warm
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Describe when aquatic habitats have high oxygen partial pressures
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moving, agitated, and cold
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How do the organs responsible for gas exchange maximize the rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion?
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by presenting a large thin surface area to the environment
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What is the equation for the rate of diffusion?
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R= k A (P2-P1)/D
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Countercurrent flow
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maximizes oxygen diffusion across gills, the water flows over lamellae in the opposite direction of bloodflow through lamellae
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What are the three main branching units of the lungs?
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The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
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