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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the axial skeleton?
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it is the skeleton along the central axis
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which bone systems belong with the axial skeleton? (6)
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skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, sacrum, hyoid
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which bone systems belong with the appendicular skeleton?
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the limbs and girdles, specifically -
pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity |
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how many bones are in an adult skeleton?
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206, but varies with development of sesamoid bones (patella)
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how many bones are in an infant skeleton?
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270 at birth, decreases with fusion
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what is a fontanel?
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the space between unfused bone, particularly in infants. It is filled with fibrous membrane. It allows shirting of bones during birth and growth of brain.
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when do the 2 frontal bones fuse in babies?
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by age six
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when does the skull reach adult size?
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by age 8 or 9
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what is a suture?
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immoveable joint
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how many bones are in the skull VS in the cranium?
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there are 8 bones in the cranium VS 22 bones in the skull total, 29 bones related to the skull
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how many sutures are in the skull and what are they?
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there are 4 major sutures and they are: coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous
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what is a fossa?
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a depression or hollow in a bone or other part of the body
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how many fossas are in the cranial floor and what are they?
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3 - anterior fossa - (holds the frontal lobe of the brain), middle fossa - (holds the temporal lobes of the brain), posterior fossa - (contains the cerebellum)
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what is the potential problem with the swelling of the brain?
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swelling of the brain may force tissue through foramen magnum resulting in death
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Frontal Bone - what three things does it form, which sinuses does it contain?
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forms: forehead
part of the cranium roof of the eye orbit contains frontal sinus |
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Parietal bone - what does it form, how many sutures is it bordered by, and what lines does it have for muscle?
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Parietal bone forms the cranial roof and part of its lateral walls
bordered by 4 sutures: coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and squamous temporal lines for temporalis muscle |
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Temporal bone - what is it a part of, which processes and fossas does it have?
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Temporal bone forms the lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity
It is home to zygomatic process, mandibular fossa and TMJ, external auditory meatus, styloid process, mastoid process |
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temporal bone internal markings
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inferior markings in temporal bone (2)
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occipital bone internal markings (4)
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Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles External occipital protuberance Nuchal lines |
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sphenoid bone is comprised of
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lesser wing
greater wing body of sphenoid medial and lateral pterygoid processes |
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sphenoid bone internal markings
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Sella turcica (houses the pituitary gland)
Lesser wing optic foramen |
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what is this?
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ethmoid bone
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where is the ethmoid bone?
what does it form? |
between the orbital cavities
it forms lateral walls and roof nasal cavity |
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what are the features of the ethmoid bone, where is it, what does it form, what are its functions?
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between the orbital cavities
forms lateral walls and roof nasal cavity Cribriform plate and crista galli Ethmoid air cells form ethmoid sinus Perpendicular plate forms part of nasal septum Middle concha turbinates air on lateral wall |
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which concha does the ethmoid bone host?
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it is home to the superior and middle concha
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what does the perpendicular plate of ethmoid home form?
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the nasal septum
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which septum does the vomer support?
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the inferior half of the nasal septum
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what anterior facial feature does vomer support?
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it supports the nasal cartilage
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what is this?
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the nasal bone
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what does the nasal bone do?
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it forms the bridge of the nose and supports cartilages of nose, also, often gets fractured
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
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a separate bone
not part of ethmoid like the superior and middle concha |
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zygomatic bones - where is it, what is it formed by?
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forms angles of the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall
Zygomatic arch is formed from temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone |
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what does the lacrimal bone form?
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it forms part of medial wall of each orbit, and the lacrimal foramen (drains tears into nasal cavity?)
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what does the maxillary bone form?
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forms upper jaw
alveolar sockets hold teeth forms inferior medial wall of orbit forms anterior part of hard palate |
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what are the features of the maxillary bone?
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infraorbital foramen
incisive foramen palatine process cleft palate |
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maxillary bone - what are its parts and subparts?
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what is this?
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the palatine bone?
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what is the palatine bone?
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it is an L-shaped bone at the posterior of the hard palate, also part of the orbital floor
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Mandible
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only movable skull bone, TMJ, home to Mandibular foramen, Mental foramen
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bones associated with the skull
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Auditory ossicles (2) - malleus, incus, and stapes
Hyoid bone - suspended from styloid process |
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Paranasal Sinuses
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lining is continuous with nasal and throat membranes, if it becomes infected, there would be a problem with sinusitis
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the types of muscle attachment
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direct attachment to bone
indirect attachment to bone attachment to skin and other muscles |
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epimysium
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a layer of connective tissue, which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue - ex. intercostal muscles
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periosteum
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is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones.
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direct muscle attachment to bone
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epimysium is connected to the periosteum
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how does indirect attachment (of muscle) to bone take place?
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with the help of:
tendon -- rope-like collagen fibers aponeurosis – sheet-like collagen fibers ex: rectus sheath |
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parts of skeletal muscles
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Origin (stationary end of muscle)
Belly (thicker, middle region - that one that contracts) Insertion (mobile end of muscle) |
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what kinds of muscle movements are there?
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prive mover (agonist)
antagonist synergist fixator |
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what is a prime mover or agonist?
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produces the direction of movement
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what is antagonist?
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produces the movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover
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what is synergist?
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synergist aids the prime mover, stabilized the nearby joint to prevent unwanted movement
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what is a fixator?
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it anchors a bone (scapula)
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intrinsic VS extrinsic muscles
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contained within versus outside the region
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describe the skeletal muscle innervation
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Cranial nerves arise from the brain (and there are 12 pairs, numbered I to XII)
they exit the skull through foramina Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord (31 pairs) exit the vertebral column through intervertebral foramina |
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what is this and what is its function?
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Frontalis, it raises the eyebrows
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what are these two muscles and what do they do?
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Corrugator supercilii (worrier)
Orbicularis Oculi (closes the eyes) |
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Muscles of Mastication (4)
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temporalis & masseter (elevate the mandible)
medial & lateral pterygoid (help elevate and grind (molars)) |
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where do the muscles of mastication attach?
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arise from skull and insert on mandible
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which muscles are associated with the tongue?
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intrinsic and extrinsic
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what are the intrinsic tongue muscles and what do they do?
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they lie entirely within the tongue, they also alter the shape of the tongue for talking and swallowing - vertical, transverse and longitudinal
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what are the extrinsic tongue muscles and what do they do?
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extrinsic muscles attach the tongue to other structures, they reposition the tongue, connect tongue to hyoid, styloid process, palate and inside of chin
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how does tongue move?
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Tongue shifts food onto teeth & pushes it into pharynx
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what is this?
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It is the genioglossus, which is a muscle of the human body which runs from the chin to the tongue. genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding (or sticking out) the tongue.
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what is this and what does it do?
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Pharyngeal constrictors, they push food down throat
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what do intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?
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they are used to control speech
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what are the anterior neck muscles?
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platysma and SCM (sternocleidomastoid)
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what does platysma do?
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it is the "shaver", it depresses mouth
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what is the SCM, and what does it do?
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Sternocleidomastoid - the prayer, flexes/rotates
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what are these muscles?
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SCM and platysma - the prayer and the shaver, respectively
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what are the facial expression muscles?
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small muscles that insert into the skin or other muscles
innervated by facial nerves |
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how many pairs of facial nerves are there?
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there are 12 pairs of facial nerves
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how many facial nerves are there?
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there are 24 facial nerves
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where do the facial nerves arise and exit?
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they arise from the brain and exit through foramina leading to muscles, glands, & sense organs in head and neck
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List the 12 cranial nerves, in order
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I - Olfactory nerve
II - Optic nerve III - Oculomotor nerve IV - Trochlear nerve/pathic nerve V - Trigeminal nerve/dentist nerve VI - Abducens nerve VII - Facial nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve/Auditory nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve X - Vagus nerve XI - Accessory nerve/Spinal accessory nerve XII - Hypoglossal nerve |