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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Order of Taxonomy |
1.Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4.Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species |
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The Fossile Record |
reveals changes in the history of life on earth. |
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Strata |
sedimentary rock or richest source of fossil record. |
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Stromatolites |
Oldest fossils: rock like structures composed of many layers of bacteria and sediment. Date back to 3.5 billion years ago |
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Phanerozoic |
paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic |
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Cambrian |
fungi, plants, and animals appeared 420 million years ago. |
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Arthropods/Tetrapods |
the most widespread and diverse land animals |
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Tetrapods |
evolved from lobe finned fish 365 million years ago. |
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Permian extinction |
between paleozoic and mesozoic eara 96% of marine animals died out. |
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The Cretaceous mass extinction. |
65 millions years ago: Separates Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Killed off dinosaurs |
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Adaptive Radiation |
evolution of adapted species of common ancestor to new environment. |
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Early Earth made of |
Water vapor, methane, nitrogen + oxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. |
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Reducing Environment |
A.I oparin and jbi Haldane |
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Stanley miller |
abiotic synthesis of organic molecules in reducing environment.
He used ammonia, hydrogen, methane, water vapor. |
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Protobionts |
aggregates of abiotically produce molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane like structure. SIMPLE Reproduction/Metabolism |
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RNA |
First genetic material |
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Ribozyimes |
Catalyze reaction. rna make short rna |
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O2 began 2.7 billion years ago |
O2 began 2.7 billion years ago |
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oldest Eukaryotic cells 2.1 billion years ago |
oldest Eukaryotic cells 2.1 billion years ago |
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Endosybiosis |
Hypothesis that mitochondia and plasmids were formally small prokaryotes living within larger host cells. |
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Endosymbiont |
Cell that lives inside host cells |
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cambrian explosion |
535 million years ago |
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mitochandria and Chloroplast |
in endosymbiosis have their own dna |
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Phylogeny |
the evolutionary history of a species or group or related species. |
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Systematics |
classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships fossils/molecular/genetic data |
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taxonomy |
the ordered division and naming of organisms |
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carolus Linnaeus |
18th Century published taxonomy based on resemlblences |
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binomial |
2 part scientific name of a species |
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Genus |
1 part of naming |
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Epithet |
the second part of naming |
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Taxonomic groups |
big to small. Domain, kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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a taxonomic unit called |
Taxon |
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Homology |
similarity due to shard ancestry |
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Anology |
Similarity due to convergent evolution |
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Convergent Evolution |
Environmnetal pressures bringing Similarities |
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Homoplasies |
Evolve independently |
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Molecular systematics |
use DNA/ other data to determine evolutionary relationships |
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Cladistics |
group of organisms by common desent. |
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clade |
ancestral species and all of its desendents |
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paraphyletic |
some but not all |
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polyphyletic |
lack of common ancestor |
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shared derived character |
an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
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maximum parsimony |
assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolution events is most likely |
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maximum likelyhood |
Dna changes over time. a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequences of evolutionary events. |
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phylogenetic bracketing |
allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants |
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horizontal gene transfer |
movement of genes from one genome to another |
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3 common shapes of prokaryotes |
spherical, rod shaped, and spiral |
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peptidoglycan |
network of sugar polymers cross linked by polypeptides |
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capsule |
polysachride or protien layer that covers many prokaryotes |
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fimbriae |
allows them to stick to their substrate or other individuals |
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sex pili |
longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange dna |
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taxis |
ability to move toward and away from stimuli |
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plasmids |
small rings of dna on bacteria |
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binary fission |
rapid reproduction |
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endospores |
inactive harsh conditions |
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3 factors to genetic diversity |
rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombonation |
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symbiosis |
relationships |
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mutualism |
both benefit |
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commensalism |
one benefit without harming |
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parasitism |
harms but does not hill host |
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pathogens |
parasites that cause disease |
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exotoxins |
causes disease even if the prokaryotes isnt present |
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endotoxins |
are only released when bacteria die or call walls break down. |
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bioremediation |
the use of organisms to remove pollutants from environment |
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transformation |
prokaryotic cell can take up and incorperate forign dna from the surrounding environment in a process called tansformation |
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transduction |
the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophyages |
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conjugation |
is the process where genetic material is transfered between bacteria cells |
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F factor |
is required for the productions of sex peli |
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F plasmids |
Dna donors |
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R plasmids |
carry genes for antibiotic resistance |
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extremophilles |
archea in extreme enviroments |
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extreme halophiles |
live in high saline environment |
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extreme thermophiles |
trive in very hot enviroment |
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methanogens |
live in swamps and marshes and produce methane |
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chlamydias |
parasites in animals |
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1.8 million species have been identified |
could be 10 mill to 100 mil |
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science |
to know |
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inquiary |
the search for info and explanation. discovery and hypo |
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discovery science |
natural structure and processes |
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qualitative |
discriptions |
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quantative |
measurements |
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inductive reasoning |
draws conclusions through the logical process of induction
repeat observations lead to generalization |
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deductive reasoning |
use general premises to make predictions |
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inorganic compounds |
compounds without carbon |
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amino acids |
parts that make up proteins, organic compounds |
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proteins |
catalyst for substrate. speed up reactions, |
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electrical discharge |
lightening |
