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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a succession of rapid mitotic cell division without cell growth between division cycles
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cleavage
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what is an animal?
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-eukaryotic
-heterotrophic -multicellular -lack cell walls -nerve and muscle cells -2n phase dominant -Hox family of genes -unique embryology (cleavage, blastular, gastrula) |
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Hypothesis for orignin of animals
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1. single-celled protists
2. colonial protists 3. hollow sphere- can grown bigger but all cells contact environment 4. some cells specialize for reproduction 5. proto animal-reproductive cells protected inside ball |
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hollow ball of cells
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blastula
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rearrangement of cells (change in cell motility, shape, and adhesion)
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gastrulation
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process of embryology that establishes 3 germ layers
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grastrulation
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the three germ layers
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ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (sometimes)
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a sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from the adult, usually eats different food, and may even have a different habitat that the adult.
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larva
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a developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile, which resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature
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metamorphosis
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has two axes of orientation: front to back and top to bottom
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bilateral symmetry
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dorsal
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top
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ventral
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bottom
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anterior
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front
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posterior
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back
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outer layer of embryo
-body covering, nervous system |
ectoderm
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innermost germ layer
-digestive tract (archenteron) |
endoderm
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middle layer, if it exists
-muscles, other organs |
mesoderm
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organisms that have only the endoderm and ectoderm germ layers
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diploblastic
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animals with bilateral symmetry (having three germ layers -mesoder, endoderm, and ectoderm)
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triploblastic
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a fluid - or air-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall
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body cavity
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another word for body cavity
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coelom
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animals that possess a true coelom
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coelomates such as earthworms
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organisms without body cavities
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Acoelomates such as planarians
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a body cavity formed by mesoderm and endoderm
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Pseudocoelom such as roundworms
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the planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo
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spiral cleavage (seen in protostome development)
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the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo
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radial cleavage (seen in deuterostome development)
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cleavage is spiral and deterinal
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protostome development
ex) molluscs, annnelids, arthropods) |
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cleavage is radia and indeterminate
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deuterostome development (echinoderms, chordates)
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a type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early
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determinate cleavage
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a type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.
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indeterminate cleavage
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calcarea and silicea
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sponge
-lack true tissues -live as suspension feeders, trapping particles that pass through the internal channels of their bodies |
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cnidaria
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corals, jellies, hydra
-have diploblastic, radially symmetrical body plan that includes gastrovasuclar cavity with one opening serving as both an anus and mouth |
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acoela
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flatworms
-simple nervous system and saclike gut. Fall in phylum Platyhelminthes |
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porifera
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"pore bearing"
-simplest animals :no tissues, muscles or nerves cells :sessile adults -multicellular, specialized cells -blastula-like, larva (no gastrula, no germ layers) -most marine, some freshwater |
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placozoa
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trichoplax - doesn't even look like an animal
-few thousand cells in double layerd plate. Reproduces by dividing two individuals or by budding off many multicellular individuals |
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ctenophora
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comb jellies
-diploblastic and radially symmetrical -make up of most the ocean's plankton -8 combs of cilia that probel it through water |
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platyhelminthes
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flatworms (including tapeworms, planarians, and flukes)
lophotrochozoans -have bilateral symmetry and a central nervous system that processes information from sensory structures. -they have no body cavity or organs for ciculation |
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ectoprocta
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ectoprocts (bryozoans)
lophotrochozoans -live as sessile colonies and are coered by a tough exoskeleton |
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rotifera
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rotifers
lophotrochozoans -have specialized organ systems including an alimentary canal (digestive tract) |
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brachiopoda
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brachiopods (lamp shells)
lophotrochozoans -easily mistaken for clams or other molluscs -have unique stalk that anchors them to their substrate |
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acanthocephala
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spiny-headed worms (because of curved hooks on the proboscis at the anterior end of their body.
-all species are paracites. some manipulate their hosts in ways that increase their chances of reaching their finals hosts -infect new zealand mud crabs to move them to more visible areas, so birds eat them (final hosts) |
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nemertea
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proboscis worms (ribbon worms)-swim through water or burrow in sand extending unique proboscis to capture prey
-lack true coelom -have an alimentary canal and a closed circulatory system in which blood is contained in vessles and distinct from body fluid. |
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cycliophora
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found on mouthparts of lobsters. vase shaped creature has unique body plan and bizzare life cycle.
males impregnate females that are still developing in their mother's bodies. the fertilized females escape, settle on lobster, and release their offspring. offspring leave to find new lobster. |
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mollusca
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molluscs (snails, clams, squids, and octopuses)
-have soft body that in many species is protected by a hard shell |
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annelida
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annelids (segmented worms)
-distinguished from other worms by their body segmentation. -earthworms most familiar but phylum also includes marine and freshwater |
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loricifera
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loriciferans
ecdysozoa -tiny animals that inhabit the deep-sea bottom and can telescope its head, neck, and thorax in and out of the lorica, a pocket formed by six plates surrounding the abdomen |
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priapula
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priapulan
ecdysozoa worms with a large rounded proboscis at the anterior end (named after Greek god Priapos, god of fertility who was symbolized by a giant penis) -among major preditors during the Cambrian period |
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tardigrades
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tardigrades
ecdysozoa -called water bears for their rounded shape, stubby appendages, and lumbering bearlike gait. freshwater or oceans, some live on plants or animals. -can survive in harsh conditions by entering a state of dormacy (-272 celcius) |
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nematoda
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roundworms
ecdysozoa -diverse in soil and in aquatic haitates: paracite plants and animals -tough cuticle that coats body |
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onychophora
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onychophorans (velvet worms)
ecdysozoa -originated during Cambrian explosion -live in humid forests and have fleshy antennae and several dozen pairs of saclike legs |
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arthropoda
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insects, crustaceans, and arachnids are arthropids.
ecdysozoa -all arthropods have a segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages |
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hemichordata
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largest species is enteropneusts (acorn worms)
deuterostome clade -gill slits and dorsal nerve cord. -acorn worms are marine but live buried in mud or under rocks |
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echinodermata
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sand dollars, sea stars, and sea urchins
deuterostome -bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but not as adults -move and feed by using a network of internal canals to pump water to different parts of their body |
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chordata
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90% have backbones
three groups of invertebrates: lancelets, tunicates, and hagfish deuterostome |
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spicules
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calcium carbonate or silica
-unique among animals |
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porifera reproduction
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hermaphroditic
-no gonads (no tissues, no organs -eggs retained in mesophyl -sperm released to water -flagellated larvae: disperse in water |
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the central cavity of a sponge where water passes through the pores
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spongocoel
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osculum
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large opening above the spongocoel in a sponge, water flow out
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animals that capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body
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suspension feeders
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lines the interior of the spongocoel, flagellated
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choanocytes (collar cells)
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the wall of the sponge consisting of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous matrix
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mesohyl
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alternate polyp and medusa, only group with freshwater members
ex) hydra, portuguese man of water |
hydroxoa
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scyphozoan
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medusa predominates
ex) jellies |
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anthozoa
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polyps only
most form mutualisms with algae |
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reproductive cycle for cnidaria
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medusa w/gonads - sperm - zygote - larvae - makes tree with many polyps feeding and reproducing - free floating medusa
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networks of tubules with ciliated cells known as flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside
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protonephridia
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dorsoventrally flattened, no respiratory or circulatory system, hermaphrodites
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acoelomate
platyhelminths |
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turbellaria
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free living flat worms
-marine, some freshwater -predators and scavengers -ciliated body surface |
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parasitic flukes
-often on fish (external suckers) -marine and freshwater |
monogenea
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trematoda
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parasitic flukes
-usually on vertebrates -usually intermediate hosts ex) live in snail, release sporocysts into water, humans ingest then mature in our bowels and release larvae in urine |
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parasitic tapeworms
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-usually in vertebrate intestines, absorb nutrients
-cysts in meat -scolex (hooks and suckers) -proglottids (wrinkled bag of gonads) ex) tapeworm (egg |
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wrinkled bag of gonads
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proglottids
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cephalization
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concentration of sense organs and nervous control at anterior end of body = head
(ganglia and eyespots on flatworms) |
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segmented
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metamerism
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few setae
-substrate feeders (burrowers) -reduced head -clitellum = segments modified for reproduction |
oligochaeta
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many setae
-well developed head -parapodia with bundles of setae -most marine |
polychaeta
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leeches
-parasites, predators and scavengers -suckers at both ends -anesthetic and anticoagulant -reduced segmentation and coelom -flattened swimmers (freshwater) |
hirudinea
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exoskeleton
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ecdysis (molting) of cuticle
-chitin and proteins -support and movement -protection and water retention |
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jointed appendagess
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arthropoda = jointed feet
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body fluid in open systems
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hemolymph
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sinuses surrounding tissues (coelom reduced in arthropods)
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hemocoel
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three main body regions of molluscs
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foot:locomotion (or anchor)
visceral mass: contains internal organs mantle : covers visceral mass -secretes shell of calicum carbonate (somtimes form mantle cavity) |
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scraping tongue
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radula
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mobile larvae
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trochophore larvae
(in molluscs) |
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chitons
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polyplacophora
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oval body
shell = 8 dorsal plates herbivorous grazers (scrapers) marine |
chitons
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snails and slugs
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gastropoda
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gastropoda
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most with coiled shells (some w/o)
visceral mass twisted 180 (torsion) most herbivorous grazers, some predators |
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mantle cavity
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lung
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bivalvia
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clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
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bivalvia
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shell divided into two halves
-hinge + adductor muscles (to close) filter feeders -mantle forms siphon -gills: gas exchange + filter hatchet-shaped food -digging and anchor no head, no radula |
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cephalopoda
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octopus, squid, nautilus
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shell
-reduced/internal (squid) or lost (octopus) carnivorous (marine) -beaklike jaws -good modified: tentacles and siphon -closed circulatory system -complex eyes and nervous system |
cephalopoda
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through all annelida
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gut, ventral nerve, dorsal/ventral vessels
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found in/on each annelida
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setae, metanephridia, ganglia, vessels
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no circulatory system
-pseudocoelom fluid ditributes nutrients whip-like movement -only longitudinal muscles -hydrostatic skeleton |
nematoda
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most free-living
causes elephantiasis, cysts in raw meat, guinea worm |
nematoda
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other pseudocoelomates
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rotifers
acanthocephalans (spiny-headed worms) kinorhynchs nematomorpha (horse hair worms gastrotrichs entoprocts |
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hydrostatic skeleton
-circular and longitudinal muscles -setae (hairs hermaphrodites -larvae similar to molluscs (trochophore) -closed circulatory system -respire through skin |
annelida
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oligochaeta "few setae"
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substrate feeders (burrowers)
reduced head clitellum = segments modified for reproduction terrestrial (earthworms) |
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polychaeta "many setae"
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well developed head
parapodia w/ bundles of setae -pair per segment most marine |
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hirudinea
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leeches
parasites, predators and scavengers -suckers at both ends -anesthetic + anticoagulant flattened swimmers -most freshwater reduced segmentation and coelom |
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arthropoda
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monophyletic
exoskeleton -ecdysis (molting) of cuticle |
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ecdysis
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molting of cuticle
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a multicellular organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and ofeten stores carbohydrates
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roots
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taproot
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on main vertical root that developtes from an embryonic root
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lateral roots
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branch roots, aid in anchorage of plant
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function of root hairs
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increases the surface area of the root enormously to help absorb water and minerals
-contribute little plant anchorage |
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an organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes
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a stem
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the points at which leaves are attached
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nodes
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the stem segments between nodes
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intermodes
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axillary bud
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found in the upper angle formed by each leaf and the stem- the structure can form a lateral shoot (branch)
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where elongation of a young shoot is usually concentrated
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apical bud
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the inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud
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apical dominance
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the main photosynthetic organ
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leaf
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joins the leaf to the stem at a node
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petiole
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blade
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consists of a flattened blade and a stalk
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vascular tissue of leaves
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veins
monocot or eudicots |
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monocots
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have parallel major veins that run the length of the blade
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eudicots
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have a branched network of major veins
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the three categories that form a tissue system
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dermal, vascular, and ground tissues
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dermal tissue system
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the plant's outder protective covering (like our skin)
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epidermis
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a layer of tightly packed cells found in nonwoody plants
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a waxy coating on the epidermal surface that helps prevent water loss
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cuticle
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periderm
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found in woody plants, the protective tissue that replaces the epidermis in older regions of stem and roots.
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vascular tissue system
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carries out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems
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two types of vascular tissues
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xylem and phloem
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xylem
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conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots
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Phloem
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transports sugars from where they are made (leaves) to where they are needed (roots and sites of growth)
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stele
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the vascular tissue of a root or stem
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ground tissue system
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tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular.
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ground tissues that is internal to the vascular tissue
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pith
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ground tissue that is external to the bascular tissue
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cortex
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