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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tonicity
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Tonicity is RELATIVE!
used when comparing osmolality of two solutions |
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Hypertonic
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solution with greater amount of solute
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Hypotonic
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solution with lesser amount of solute
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Isotonic
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solutions contain equal amounts of solutes
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Nephridia
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tubules open to inside & outside of body
Fluids filtered (by size) into tubules; NaCl removed via active transport Urine is more dilute than body fluids Annelids |
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Malpighian tubules
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extensions of digestive tract
Waste & K+ secreted into tubules via active transport, causing water to enter as well Water & K+ then reabsorbed, leaving only wastes Insects |
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Kidneys
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specialized organ that filters blood of nitrogenous wastes & regulates osmolality
Vertebrates |
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Three Different Osmoregulatory Organs
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Nephridia -> Annelids
Malpighian tubules -> Insects Kidneys -> Vertebrates |
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Groups and their Waste Products
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Fish -> ammonia
Mammals -> Urea Reptiles and birds -> Uric acid |
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Kidney Structure 2 layers
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cortex (outer) & medulla (inner)
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Kidney: Nephrons
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used for filtration & selective reabsorption of blood
2 types: cortical & juxtamedullary Consist of a long tubule & associated blood vessels |
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glomerulus
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capillary bed in renal cortex
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Bowman’s capsule
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surrounds glomerulus and collects filtrate
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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located in cortex
Immediately re-absorbs 2/3 of the NaCl & H2O from Bowman’s capsule Na+ moved by active transport; Cl- & H2O follow |
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Loop of Henle
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loops into medulla
Descending limb: permeable to H2O H2O moves into hypertonic medulla via osmosis Ascending limb: not permeable to H2O Na+ moved into medulla via active transport; Cl- follows |
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Distal tubule
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located in cortex
Contains dilute filtrate, since NaCl was removed in ascending loop |
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Collecting duct
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plunges into medulla, which is hypertonic
More H2O diffuses out of tubules & gets re-absorbed into blood |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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increases collecting duct’s permeability to H2O
Released by pituitary when organism needs to conserve H2O |
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Asexual reproduction
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offspring identical to parent
TYPES: Fission (bacteria, protists), Budding (cnidarians) |
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Sexual reproduction
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unique offspring
Alternation of generations (haploid / diploid) Meiosis creates gametes (sperm & egg) |
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Definition of Sex
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fusion of haploid sperm and haploid egg to create a diploid zygote
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Other Reproductive Strategies
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Parthenogenesis - development of an egg without fertilization
Aphids, bees, ants, lizards Hermaphroditism – organism has both male and female functional reproductive organs Tapeworms, earthworms Sequential hermaphroditism - deep-sea fish that can change from female to male (protogyny) and from male to female (protandry) |
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female to male
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protogyny
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male to female
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protandry
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Fertilization
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Joining of sperm & egg
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External Fertilization
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sperm & egg join outside the body
Most aquatic organisms & amphibians need the H2O to disperse and join |
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Internal fertilization
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sperm & egg join inside the body
Most terrestrial organisms (reptiles, birds, mammals) because they are land animals they do not have H2O as a medium |
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Testes
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composed of highly convoluted seminiferous tubules (site of spermatogenesis)
Between tubules are Leydig cells : secrete testosterone Formed in abdomen & descend into scrotum before birth Must be kept at 34°C for sperm production (normal body temp is 37°C) Sperm then enter the epididymis –must remain there for 18 hours to become motile Then the vas deferens, which goes into the abdomen |
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Acrosome
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pouch of enzymes used to break down egg cell protective barrier
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Male Accessory Organs
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Seminal vesicles: produce a fructose-rich fluid
Prostate gland: secretes 60% of the fluid in semen Bulbo-urethral gland: secretes fluid that lines & protects the urethra |
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Ejaculation
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usually about 5mL of semen
Each contains about 300 million sperm (<20 million is considered sterile) Sperm make up only 1% of semen volume |
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Ovaries
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contain ovarian follicles which each contain one egg
Also contain granulosa cells, which secrete estrogen |
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Fallopian tubes
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transports eggs from ovaries to uterus
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Uterus
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muscular organ that narrows into a cervix
Lined with an epithelium called an endometrium, which is shed monthly during menstruation |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) MALE
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Stimulates spermatogenesis
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) MALE
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Stimulates secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells.
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Testosterone MALE
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Male-
Stimulates development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, accessory sex organs and spermatogenesis |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) FEMALE
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Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estradiol
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) FEMALE
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Stimulates ovulation, conversion of ovarian follicles into corpus luteum, and secreation of setradiol and progesterone by corpus luteum
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Estradiol FEMALE
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Stimulates development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics; prompts monthly preparation of uterus for pregnancy
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Progesterone FEMALE
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Completes preparation of uterus for pregnancy; helps maintain female secondadry sexual characterisitics
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Oxytocin FEMALE
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Stimulates contraction of uterus and milk-ejection reflex
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Prolactin FEMALE
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Stimulates milk production
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What are the two functions of the myelin sheath?
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speeds up rate of impulses
protection/insulation |
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Resting Membrane Potential
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Cytoplasm-side of membrane is negative and extracellular fluid side is positive.
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Three reasons for Potential
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1. Large negative charged particles inside (proteins, nucleic acids)
2. Na+/K+ pump moves 2 K+ in for every 3Na+ out 3. Ion channels allow more K+ to diffuse out that Na+ to diffuse in |
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Action Potential
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A transient, all or none reversal of the electric potential across a membranes.
Na+ channels open allowing Na+ to flow in. Action Potential is propogated down axon. |
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Example of Action Potential
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nerve impulse
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Synapse
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Junction between a neuron and another neuron muscle cell or gland
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Neurotransmitters
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Way in which cells communicate, stored in synaptic vesicles.
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Examples of Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine: between neurons & muscle cells
Dopamine: between brain neurons Too little=Parkinson’s; too much=schizophrenia Norepinephrine: brain neurons; autonomic system Serotonin: brain neurons; sleep, emotion, depression |