Bio 151 Final

Front 1

In which of the following are both substances hydrophilic?

Back 1

Ions, polar molecules

Front 2

In the following redox reaction, which compound is the oxidizing agent (being reduced)?
C4H6O5 + NAD+ --> C4H4O5 + NADH + H+

Back 2

NAD+
Reduction: gains electrons, gains hydrogen, loses oxygen
Oxidation: loses electrons, loses hydrogen, gains oxygen

Front 3

If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the 18O label. That one exception is

Back 3

O2

Front 4

Which dichotomous pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, like Dictyostelium?

Back 4

unicellular versus multicellular

Front 5

Carbon fixation

Back 5

incorporates atmospheric carbon from CO2 into organic molecules.

Front 6

Simple cells orginiated by all of the following except

Back 6

biotic synthesis of a lipid bilayer

Front 7

Which of the following is NOT a protobiont?

Back 7

stromatolites

Front 8

________ must be added in order to convert an unsaturated fat to a saturated fat.

Back 8

hydrogen

Front 9

Which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

Back 9

extreme halophyles

Front 10

Many of the special properties of water are possible because of

Back 10

hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

Front 11

A solution with a pH of 4 is ______ more acidic than one with a pH of 6.

Back 11

100x
Every step = 10x

Front 12

A monomer that consists of a central atom bonded to an amine group, a carboxylic acid, hydrogen and an “R” group is a/an

Back 12

amino acid

Front 13

Polar covalent bonds are formed when

Back 13

electrons are shared unequally between atoms

Front 14

Which of the following correctly matches an organic polymer with its respective monomers?

Back 14

protein and amino acids

Front 15

Which of the following provides long-term energy storage for plants?

Back 15

starch

Front 16

Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to the above statement?

Back 16

steroid

Front 17

Two classes of organic compounds typically provide energy for living systems.
Representatives of these two classes are

Back 17

fats and polysaccharides

Front 18

You have isolated a liquid from a sample of beans. You add the liquid to a beaker of water and shake vigorously. After a few minutes, the water and the other liquid separate into two layers.
To which class of biological macromolecules does the unknown liquid most likely belong?

Back 18

lipids

Front 19

Nucleic acids

Back 19

store and transmit hereditary information

Front 20

Atoms can be represented by simply listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons – for example, 2p+; 2n0; 2e- for helium. Which atom represents the 18O isotope of oxygen?

Back 20

8p+; 10n0; 8e-

Front 21

Air temperature often increases slightly as clouds begin to drop rain or snow. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon?

Back 21

release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds

Front 22

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a

Back 22

glycosidic linkage

Front 23

Peptide bonds involve these two atoms

Back 23

C and N

Front 24

The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the electron configuration of sulfur, we can predict that the molecular formula of the compound will be

Back 24

H2S

Front 25

The _____________ of water causes Dr. Crawford to split his bathing trunks while doing “preacher seats” off the high dive.

Back 25

surface tension

Front 26

The next set of questions are based on the following information. A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X→Y→Z→A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme.

Substance X is

Back 26

substrate

Front 27

The next set of questions are based on the following information. A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X→Y→Z→A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme.

Substance A functions as

Back 27

an allosteric inhibitor

Front 28

If the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 10 -1 M, what is the hydroxide ion concentration of the solution?

Back 28

10-13 M

Front 29

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

Back 29

C2H4
CnH2n

Front 30

What is the shape of the C2H4 molecule?

Back 30

Flat
No bending with double bonds

Front 31

The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is known as

Back 31

Feedback inhibition

Front 32

The molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is 180g. to make a 0.5 M solution of glucose, you should do which of the following?

Back 32

Dissolve 90.0 g of glucose in a small volume of water, then add water until the total volume is solution is 1 L

Front 33

One liter of a solution pH 9 has how many more hydroxide ions (OH-) than 1 L of a solution of pH 4?

Back 33

100,000 times more (10^5)

Front 34

Wave splash onto warm coastal rock or the ebb of tides may have been physical factors that resulted in the ________ on early Earth.

Back 34

polymerization of organic polymers

Front 35

Which of the following groups probably represents the earliest branch in the evolution of eukaryotes?

Back 35

diplomonads

Front 36

The following statements about the dinoflagellates are true except

Back 36

their fossil remains form limestone deposits

Front 37

In Laminaria (phaeophyta) sporophytes and gametophytes are ___________, while in Ulva (chlorophyta) sporophytes and gametophytes are _________.

Back 37

heteromorphic---isomorphic

Front 38

Buffers stabilize the pH of a solution by

Back 38

accepting H+ ions or donating OH- ions as needed.

Front 39

Carbon skeletons are important for all of the following reasons except

Back 39

carbon forms 6 bonds. (4 bonds max)

Front 40

Which list below consists of molecules that are all monomers?

Back 40

monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides

Front 41

The results of dehydration reacations can be reversed by

Back 41

hydrolysis.

Front 42

A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule?

Back 42

amino

Front 43

If this functional group is at the end of a carbon skeleton, the molecule is called an aldehyde.

Back 43

carbonyl

Front 44

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the

Back 44

primary level

Front 45

Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

Back 45

competitive inhibition

Front 46

Which of the following elements is not part of SPONCH?

Back 46

sodium

Front 47

A _________ linkage forms the “backbone” of a polynucleotide

Back 47

phosphodiester

Front 48

Which of the following is not a form of passive transport across a cell membrane.

Back 48

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 49

White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process?

Back 49

phagocytosis

Front 50

Ed placed some raisins into a solution and noticed that the raisins began to swell over time. This probably happened because the solution was ___________.

Back 50

hypotonic

Front 51

Of the following functions, the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes are most important for

Back 51

the ability of cells to recognize like and different cells

Front 52

The overall equation for photosynthesis is

Back 52

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

Front 53

The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it

Back 53

contributes to the membrane potential

Front 54

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is most important for photosynthesis is ___________.

Back 54

visible light

Front 55

You are told that the cells on a microscope slide may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. When you look at them, you see a cell wall but no membrane bound organelles. You conclude that the cells are

Back 55

are bacterial cells

Front 56

Which of the following is not a characteristic common to all life?

Back 56

the ability to utilize other organisms for food.

Front 57

Dr. Crawford spends a lot of time in the Great Dismal Swamp studying the interactions between plants, animals, and the physical environment (i.e. abiotic and biotic interactions). At what level of complexity is he studying?

Back 57

ecosystem

Front 58

An atom with a bonding capacity of 2 contains ________ electrons in the outermost shell.

Back 58

6

Front 59

The atomic number of aluminum is 13. Therefore, a neutral aluminum atom has ____ protons and ____ electrons.

Back 59

13 ….. 13

Front 60

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

Back 60

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

Front 61

You are playing a long tennis match and your muscles begin to switch to anaerobic respiration. Which of the following is NOT a bad consequence?

Back 61

all are problems (cells convert NADH to NAD+, lactate produced, ATP production declines)

Front 62

How many molecules of CO2 would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose, a disaccharide?

Back 62

12

Front 63

Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme. All of the following statements concerning this enzyme are true except?

Back 63

it is activated by ATP

Front 64

Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?

Back 64

NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain only in respiration

Front 65

One molecule of glucose will be converted to ____________as a result of glycolysis.

Back 65

2 molecules of pyruvate

Front 66

As a skeptical scientist, you don’t believe the claim that 7 out of 10 individuals can taste PTC (Phenylthiourea), so you line up 10 individuals and give them test strips to place in their mouths, what step in the Scientific Method does this represent (having them place the strip in their mouths)?

Back 66

experiment

Front 67

Cyanide binds with at least one of the molecules involved in the production of ATP. Following exposure of a cell to cyanide, most of the cyanide could be expected to be found within the

Back 67

mitochondria

Front 68

Which of the following organic compounds is used to convert acetyl CoA into citrate for the Krebs cycle?

Back 68

oxaloacetate

Front 69

Which of the following is NOT a known function of the cytoskeleton?

Back 69

to maintain a critical limit on cell size

Front 70

You are asked to repeatedly squeeze a tennis ball until your forearm hurts. The pain in your muscles is caused by a build up of _______ due to _______.

Back 70

lactate – lactic acid fermentation

Front 71

The main reason humans and other animals need O2 is

Back 71

as a terminal e- accepter in cellular respiration..

Front 72

Carotenoids

Back 72

expand the range of wavelengths available for photosynthesis

Front 73

Photosynthesis transforms the _______ energy of sunlight to the ________ energy stored in glucose.

Back 73

kinetic….potential.

Front 74

The presence of Escherichia coli in the water supply is a sign of contamination with feces. This enteric organism belongs to which prokaryotic group?

Back 74

Gamma Proteobacteria

Front 75

Which of the following statements is correct about gram-negative bacteria?

Back 75

They often possess an outer membrane containing toxic lipopolysaccharides

Front 76

The majority of prokaryotes obtain their energy and carbon by which nutritional mode:

Back 76

Chemoheterotroph

Front 77

Photosystems consist of ________, __________, and _________.

Back 77

antennae molecules, the reaction center, electron transport chain

Front 78

Photosystems prevent energy loss by

Back 78

capturing excited electrons before they return to ground state.

Front 79

Excited electrons in Photosystem II are replaced by

Back 79

electrons from the splitting of water molecules.

Front 80

Excited electrons in Photosystem I are replaced by

Back 80

electrons from Photosystem II.

Front 81

When a molecule in the electron transport chain is reduced, it _________ electrons, and when it is oxidized it __________ electrons.

Back 81

gains ….. loses

Front 82

The major function of the light reactions is

Back 82

to generate ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.

Front 83

The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to

Back 83

synthesize glucose from CO2.

Front 84

Carbon has an atomic weight of 12. If you discovered a carbon atom with an atomic weight of 14, you would have discovered a/an ________ of carbon.

Back 84

isotope

Front 85

Neon has 10 electrons, making neon atoms

Back 85

chemically unreactive.

Front 86

_________ bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons and ________ bonds are formed by the complete transfer of electrons between 2 atoms.

Back 86

covalent …..ionic

Front 87

Zea mays (corn) (a monocot) can avoid photorespiration. Therefore it is probably

Back 87

a C4 plant.

Front 88

In C4 photosynthesis, where does the carbon come from to synthesize glucose?

Back 88

from the atmosphere

Front 89

In C3 plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplasts of __________ cells, but in C4 plants the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________ cells.

Back 89

mesophyll…..bundle sheath

Front 90

Based on the model of sucrose uptake (in plants), which of the following experimental treatments would increase the rate of sucrose transport into the cell?

Back 90

decreasing extracellular pH

Front 91

In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization?

Back 91

lysosome

Front 92

Ozzy Osborne’s liver cells probably contain larger than normal amounts of _____________ because of his excessive intake of drugs and alcohol.

Back 92

smooth ER

Front 93

Receives transport vesicles that bud from the ER

Back 93

cis face of Golgi

Front 94

Which type of cell would probably provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes?

Back 94

phagocytic white blood cell

Front 95

Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This “tagging” of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the following is the most likely pathway for movement of this protein in the cell?

Back 95

ER > Golgi > vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Front 96

Suppose a yeast cell uses 5 glucose molecules for energy production. No oxygen is available. What will be the maximum net yield of ATP molecules?

Back 96

10

Front 97

Which of the following is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?

Back 97

mitochondria

Front 98

Which of the following compounds enters the Kreb’s cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of CO2 from a molecule of pyruvate?

Back 98

acetyl CoA

Front 99

The primary purpose of glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle is

Back 99

to supply electrons to the electron transport chain.

Front 100

RNA molecules can be both self-replicating and catalytic. This probably means that

Back 100

RNA was the first hereditary information

Front 101

Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in

Back 101

cyanobacteria

Front 102

Rubisco fixes carbon by reacting ________ with RuBP.

Back 102

CO2

Front 103

Every 3 turns of the Calvin Cycle releases ________ molecule of G3P to form glucose and recycles _______.

Back 103

one ….. five

Front 104

Every six turns of the Calvin Cycle produces one molecule of _________..

Back 104

glucose

Front 105

If eukaryotic cells had first evolved in an environment much lower in O2 than was actually the case, how might eukaryotes be different today? They would

Back 105

lack mitochondria

Front 106

Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids because

Back 106

almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, while only autotrophic eukaryotes have plastids

Front 107

Plants and some algae exhibit the __________ life cycle, this type of life cycle includes both diploid and haploid multicellular stages.

Back 107

Sporic

Front 108

The photosynthetic stage that requires sunlight occurs in ________.

Back 108

the thylakoids

Front 109

A researcher wants to develop an assay (test) that will distinguish charophyceans and land plants from chlorophyte green algae. Which of the following chemicals would be the best subject for such an assay?

Back 109

glycolate oxidase – an enzyme of peroxisomes that is associated with photorespiration

Front 110

RNA molecules can be both self-replicating and catalytic. This probably means that

Back 110

RNA was the first hereditary information

Front 111

Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in

Back 111

cyanobacteria

Front 112

Rubisco fixes carbon by reacting ________ with RuBP.

Back 112

CO2

Front 113

Every 3 turns of the Calvin Cycle releases ________ molecule of G3P to form glucose and recycles _______.

Back 113

one ….. five

Front 114

Every six turns of the Calvin Cycle produces one molecule of _________..

Back 114

glucose

Front 115

If eukaryotic cells had first evolved in an environment much lower in O2 than was actually the case, how might eukaryotes be different today? They would

Back 115

lack mitochondria

Front 116

Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids because

Back 116

almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, while only autotrophic eukaryotes have plastids

Front 117

Plants and some algae exhibit the __________ life cycle, this type of life cycle includes both diploid and haploid multicellular stages.

Back 117

Sporic

Front 118

The photosynthetic stage that requires sunlight occurs in ________.

Back 118

the thylakoids

Front 119

A researcher wants to develop an assay (test) that will distinguish charophyceans and land plants from chlorophyte green algae. Which of the following chemicals would be the best subject for such an assay?

Back 119

glycolate oxidase – an enzyme of peroxisomes that is associated with photorespiration

Front 120

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes all of the following more possible except

Back 120

increased number of chloroplasts in roots

Front 121

You come across an undiscovered plant in your travels and you want to determine the photosynthetic pathway of this plant. You make a cross section of a leaf and observe it under a microscope. The internal leaf contains Kranz anatomy (allowing for spatial separation between carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle) and you therefore conclude that the plant is a ____ plant?

Back 121

C4

Front 122

Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become __________, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria.

Back 122

deficient in certain vitamins

Front 123

Which of the following is not a function of proteins?

Back 123

Store genetic information.

Front 124

Denaturation causes a change in protein _______ and ______.

Back 124

shape ….. function

Front 125

Monomers consisting of a 5 carbon sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base are

Back 125

nucleotides

Front 126

The actinomycete Frankia spp. forms a symbiotic relationship with which nitrogen fixing plant:

Back 126

. Southern Wax Myrtle

Front 127

If penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of petidoglycan, then which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin?

Back 127

gram-positive bacteria

Front 128

Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1) embryo, 2) gametes, 3) sporangium, 4) protonema, 5) gametophore

Back 128

4, 5, 2, 1, 3

Front 129

The city of Virginia Beach experiences milder winters than Chitlin Switch, Arkansas because of the ________ of the ocean water.

Back 129

high specific heat

Front 130

During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a Δ G (difference between reactant and product) of -20 kcal/mol. You double the amount of enzyme (lowers activation energy, doesn’t affect product or reactant) in the reaction, and now ΔG now equals

Back 130

-20 kcal / mol

Front 131

Which of the following is not one of the three most common prokaryotic cell shapes

Back 131

tetrahedral

Front 132

An example of bioremediation is

Back 132

the use of bacteria to treat sewage or clean up after oil spills

Front 133

Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer?

Back 133

Volvox

Front 134

A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong?

Back 134

diatom

Front 135

A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group?

Back 135

red algae

Front 136

Sargassum is a large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of the Sargasso Sea, located in the mid-North Atlantic Ocean several hundred miles from the nearest continental landmass. On the basis of this description, one should expect these algae to lack

Back 136

holdfasts

Front 137

Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis as the result of splitting _________.

Back 137

H2O

Front 138

Which of the following is not considered an “extremophyle” and therefore not considered a member of Archea?

Back 138

O2 producing, photosynthetic prokaryotes

Front 139

A land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a diploid-dominant (sporophyte) generation is most likely a

Back 139

fern

Front 140

A molecule of CO2 is formed when one atom of carbon (atomic # 6) is covalently bonded with two atoms of oxygen (atomic # 8). What is the total number of electrons that must be shared between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms in order to complete the outer electron shell of all three atoms?

Back 140

4

Front 141

In their laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of

Back 141

amino acids

Front 142

Oxygen began to “gas out” into Earth’s early atmosphere approximately

Back 142

2.7 bya

Front 143

The following are all true about the life cycle of mosses except

Back 143

the sporophyte is nutritionally independent of the gametophyte

Front 144

In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with

Back 144

multicelluar diploid forms

Front 145

Most of the genetic variation in prokaryotes is introduced by which process?

Back 145

conjugation

Front 146

In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with N2 are

Back 146

denitrifying bacteria

Front 147

Which of the following groups is mismatched with it members?

Back 147

Gram-positive bacteria—diverse pathogens whose endotoxins are components of their outer membrane

Front 148

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are notes; flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

Back 148

ferns

Front 149

Quillworts are facultative CAM plants that live along the margins of aquatic ecosystems and belong to which phylum?

Back 149

Lycophyta

Front 150

An ancient pteridophyte which has dichotomous branching and lacks true roots and leaves

Back 150

Psilotum

Front 151

Clusters of meiosporangia called sori are formed on the lower surfaces of fern fronds. In some fern species, these sori are covered by a membranous growth of the epidermis known as the

Back 151

indusium

Front 152

Protists are alike in that all are

Back 152

eukaryotic

Front 153

Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?

Back 153

cyanobacteria

Front 154

Prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually via

Back 154

binary fission

Front 155

During the ___________ sexual cycle which is common in most fungi and some algae, fertilization results in a diploid zygote which undergoes meiosis and develops into the next sporophyte generation

Back 155

zygotic

Front 156

You are a through hiker on the Appalachian Trail and you run out of water. You stumble upon a cool, crystal clear spring of flowing water and fill up your water bottle. Several hours later while in camp, you start to experience sharp acute pains in your stomach followed by profuse explosive diarrhea (cha cha cha). Another through hiker joins you in camp and says you have contracted “beaver fever” a.k.a. Giardia intestinalis. This little organism belongs to which
ancient eukaryotic group?

Back 156

diplomonodida

Front 157

Which of the following marine organisms produce potent neurotoxins that cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and create severe respiratory irritation to humans along the shore?

Back 157

dinoflagellates

Front 158

Properties of a system _________ that do not reflect the properties of the components of the system, but rather result from the interactions of the components.

Back 158

emerge

Front 159

To study the function of a gene associated with disease and extrapolate how it contributes to disease is utilizing a ___________.

Back 159

reductive approach

Front 160

Which of the following is not a core concept of systems biology?

Back 160

reductionism

Front 161

“Nodes” connected by “links” make up a __________. Highly connected “nodes” are known as ______.

Back 161

network, hubs

Front 162

The application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data is called________.

Back 162

bioinformatics

Front 163

Who devised an approach to the sequencing of whole genomes called “ whole-genome shotgun approach”?

Back 163

J. Craig Venter

Front 164

Who used the 16S rRNA to differentiate bacteria from archea which ultamitely led to a 3 domain classification system?

Back 164

Carle Woese