Bio 142 Exam 3

Front 1

Arteries are sometimes called the _____ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they can sand high blood pressure.

Back 1

Resistance

Front 2

____ have the thickest tunica media

Back 2

Large Arteries

Front 3

The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the _____ and in large arteries and veins contains the _____.

Back 3

tunica externa; vasa vasorum

Front 4

Most blood is in the _______

Back 4

Veins

Front 5

This figure shows variations in circulator pathways. The pathway labeled ____ shows alternative routes of blood supply found in the heart.

Back 5

5

Front 6

These are all possible circulatory routes from the heart except

Back 6

heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart

Front 7

Vasomotion is associated with the presence of

Back 7

smooth muscle in the tunica media.

Front 8

In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by

Back 8

failure of the venous valves.

Front 9

This figure shows changes in blood pressure relative to distance from the heart. What would be the approximate blood pressure in a blood vessel leaving the stomach for a person lying on her back (not standing)?

Back 9

below 20 mm Hg

Front 10

What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively?

Back 10

80 mm Hg

Front 11

The velocity of blood flow decreases when

Back 11

viscosity increases

Front 12

The medullary ischemic reflex results in

Back 12

increased circulation to the brain

Front 13

_____ has the most important effect on blood velocity.

Back 13

Vessel radius

Front 14

Reactive hyperemia is a result of ______ to increase perfusion into a tissue.

Back 14

local control

Front 15

All of these increase blood pressure except

Back 15

atrial natriuretic peptide.

Front 16

The vasomotor center of the _______ controls blood vessels throughout the body.

Back 16

Medulla Oblongata

Front 17

Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than

Back 17

140/90

Front 18

_______ are powerful vasoconstrictors, and _______ also increased heart rate.

Back 18

Epinephrine and angiotensin II; epinephrine

Front 19

These are all mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall except

Back 19

Secretions

Front 20

The most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is

Back 20

blood hydrostatic pressure.

Front 21

______ by the capillaries at their venous end.

Back 21

Ammonia is taken up

Front 22

The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is

Back 22

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 23

All these can lead to edema except

Back 23

hyperproteinemia

Front 24

_____ would not increase capillary filtration

Back 24

Dehydration

Front 25

A mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 60 mmHg can cause ____, whereas a MAP above 160 mmHg can cause _______.

Back 25

syncope; cerebral edema

Front 26

_____ does not contribute to venous return

Back 26

Widespread vasodilation

Front 27

_____ shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration

Back 27

Hypovolemic

Front 28

_____ shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability.

Back 28

Septic

Front 29

A bee sting can trigger a massive release histamine, which cause _____ and a(n) _____ in arterial blood pressure.

Back 29

vasodilation; decrease

Front 30

Blood flow to the ____ remains quite stable even when mean arterial pressure (MAP) fluctuates from 60 to 140 mm Hg.

Back 30

Hypothalamus

Front 31

Myocardial infarction can lead to ____ shock.

Back 31

Cardiogenic

Front 32

The most important force in venous flow is

Back 32

the pressure generated by the heart.

Front 33

Pulmonary arteries have _____ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries

Back 33

considerably lower

Front 34

How many pulmonary arteries empty into the right atrium of the heart?

Back 34

0 Zero

Front 35

The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of the

Back 35

bronchial arteries

Front 36

There are no ______ in humans.

Back 36

right and left brachiocephalic arteries

Front 37

The ______ supplies 80% of the cerebrum

Back 37

internal carotid artery

Front 38

This figure shows the aorta and its major branches. What label shows the artery on the right side of the body with the most extensive distribution of all the head-neck arteries?

Back 38

1

Front 39

The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is

Back 39

an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland

Front 40

This figure shows the superficial veins of the neck and head. What does “8” represent?

Back 40

the subclavian v.

Front 41

From superior the inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are

Back 41

celiac truck, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.

Front 42

The principal venous drainage of the thoracic organs is accomplished by way of

Back 42

the azygos system.

Front 43

This figure shows the arteries of the abdomen and pelvic region. What does “6” represent?

Back 43

the inferior mesenteric a.

Front 44

These are all tributaries of the inferior vena cava except

Back 44

the vertebral veins.

Front 45

This figure shows the arteries of the abdomen and pelvic region. What does “2” represent?

Back 45

the hepatic portal vein

Front 46

This figure shows veins of the upper limb. What does “5” represent

Back 46

the brachial vein(s)

Front 47

This figure shows arteries of the lower limb. What does “6” represent

Back 47

the femoral artery

Front 48

These are all veins of the upper limb except

Back 48

the great saphenous vein.

Front 49

These are all vessels of the lower limb except

Back 49

the anterior interosseous artery

Front 50

This is the longest vein, and portions of this vein are commonly used as grafts in coronary bypass surgery.

Back 50

the great saphenous vein

Front 51

Lymphatic vessels recover about ____ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

Back 51

15%

Front 52

Lymph is similar to blood plasma but very low in

Back 52

Protein

Front 53

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary _____ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries

Back 53

Lipids

Front 54

The ______ tonsils are the largest, and their tonsillectomy (surgical removal) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.

Back 54

Palatine

Front 55

All these forces help lymph to flow except

Back 55

the lymphatic node pump

Front 56

_____ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the ________.

Back 56

Collecting ducts; subclavian veins

Front 57

Immune surveillance is a process in which _______ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

Back 57

natural killer (NK) cells

Front 58

This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

Back 58

thymus

Front 59

This is the only lymphatic organ with afferent lymphatic vessels.

Back 59

lymph node

Front 60

Removal of the _______ will be the most harmful of all for a one-year-old child.]

Back 60

thymus

Front 61

All these belong to the second line of defense except

Back 61

the gastric juices.

Front 62

______ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites, and allergens.

Back 62

Eosinophils

Front 63

_____ employ a “respiratory burst” to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H202) and hypochlorite (HC1O).

Back 63

Neutrophils

Front 64

Complement fixation can lead to any of the following effects except

Back 64

endogenous pyrexia.

Front 65

_____ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

Back 65

Interferons

Front 66

This figure shows

Back 66

the action of a natural killer cell.

Front 67

A pyrogen is a substance that causes

Back 67

fever.

Front 68

This is the first of a serious of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation.

Back 68

margination

Front 69

_______ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

Back 69

Impaired use

Front 70

2Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called _____ and a vasodilator called _____.

Back 70

heparin; histamine

Front 71

All these cellular agents participate in inflammation except

Back 71

cytotoxic T cells.

Front 72

These are a group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells.

Back 72

granzymes

Front 73

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by _____ in a process called _____.

Back 73

neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization

Front 74

_______ are antimicrobial proteins.

Back 74

Interferons

Front 75

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that

Back 75

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.

Front 76

Vaccination stimulates

Back 76

artificial active immunity

Front 77

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

Back 77

Cancer cells

Front 78

A(n) _________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

Back 78

epitope

Front 79

T cells achieve immunocompetence in
.

Back 79

the thymus

Front 80

T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means

Back 80

they multiply and form clones of identical T cells

Front 81

The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates
.

Back 81

artificial passive immunity

Front 82

The majority of T cells of the naïve lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in

Back 82

the lymphatic tissues

Front 83

All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except

Back 83

T cells.

Front 84

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n)

Back 84

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

Front 85

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in

Back 85

lymph nodes

Front 86

Helper T (TH) cells do not

Back 86

secrete fever-producing chemicals.

Front 87

_______ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.

Back 87

Helper T (TH) cells do not

Front 88

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like a natural killer (NK) cell because they both

Back 88

secrete granzymes and perform.

Front 89

Memory T cells can live up to

Back 89

decades.

Front 90

Antibodies do not

Back 90

differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack

Front 91

This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

Back 91

antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

Front 92

Each immunoglobin (Ig) has ______ antigen-bonding site(s).

Back 92

two

Front 93

________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

Back 93

IgG

Front 94

This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.

Back 94

IgA

Front 95

Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into

Back 95

plasma cells.

Front 96

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly

Back 96

helper T cells

Front 97

Most common allergies are the result of
.

Back 97

type I (acute) hypersensitivity

Front 98

Beta cell destruction that causes type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n)

Back 98

type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity

Front 99

A person who is HIV-positive and has helper T (TH) cells count lower than ______ has AIDS.

Back 99

200 cells/µL

Front 100

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish _____ from foreign ones.

Back 100

self-antigens

Front 101

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

Back 101

It assists in the synthesis of vasodilators

Front 102

The upper respiratory tract extends

Back 102

from the nose through the larynx

Front 103

The nose is divided into right and left halves termed the

Back 103

nasal fossae

Front 104

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoids cartilages?

Back 104

vestibular and vocal ligaments

Front 105

One benefit from air passing by the turbinates is

Back 105

the lower respiratory system remains humidified.

Front 106

The most numerous cells in the lungs are called

Back 106

dust cells

Front 107

Each alveoulus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by

Back 107

the pulmonary artery.

Front 108

Which of the following does not have cilia?

Back 108

respiratory bronchioles

Front 109

What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?

Back 109

their shape

Front 110

Which is more prominent in males than in females?

Back 110

1

Front 111

This structure is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side

Back 111

4

Front 112

Although the heart is not included in this illustration, its apex would lie at point

Back 112

7

Front 113

Compared to any other point on this figure, the highest ventilation-perfusion ratio would be found at point

Back 113

3

Front 114

Structure 2 is the

Back 114

cricoid cartilage.

Front 115

There is a total of five of these structures in the respiratory system

Back 115

6 and 8

Front 116

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except

Back 116

the epiglottis.

Front 117

Which of the following cartilages is largest?

Back 117

the thyroid cartilage

Front 118

1The Valsalva maneuver can assist in diagnosing a hernia by

Back 118

decreasing intraabdominal pressure

Front 119

___ states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of its individual gases.

Back 119

Dalton’s law

Front 120

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

Back 120

bronchiole diameter

Front 121

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called

Back 121

inspiratory reserve volume

Front 122

Vital capacity consists of

Back 122

expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.

Front 123

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?

Back 123

Kussmaul respiration

Front 124

A gangrenous diabetic ulcer can be treated with which of the following?

Back 124

hyperbaric oxygen

Front 125

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except

Back 125

carbonate.

Front 126

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a Good Samaritan have up to 4 to 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom’s life?

Back 126

a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood

Front 127

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

Back 127

anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

Front 128

2Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

Back 128

an increase in membrane thickness

Front 129

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ___ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.

Back 129

hydrogen

Front 130

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

Back 130

erythrocyte count

Front 131

Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe?

Back 131

nitrogen

Front 132

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _____ oxygen molecules.

Back 132

4

Front 133

Norrmally the systemic arterial blood has Po2 of ___ mm Hg, and Pco2 of ___ mm Hg, and pH of ____.

Back 133

95; 40; 7.4

Front 134

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

Back 134

carbonic anhydrase

Front 135

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?

Back 135

20% to 25%

Front 136

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?

Back 136

hypoxia

Front 137

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?

Back 137

ischemic hypoxia

Front 138

___ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum.

Back 138

Chronic bronchitis

Front 139

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

Back 139

sickle-cell disease

Front 140

A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is

Back 140

emphysema

Front 141

In ___, the lungs are infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

Back 141

Tuberculosis

Front 142

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?

Back 142

adenocarcinoma

Front 143

Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in

Back 143

Ondine’s curse

Front 144

Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?

Back 144

acute rhinitis

Front 145

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid

Back 145

oxygen toxicity.

Front 146

Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called

Back 146

cerebral embolism

Front 147

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in

Back 147

the medulla oblongata

Front 148

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __ of the respiratory tract.

Back 148

goblet cells

Front 149

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of __ than in any other form.

Back 149

bicarbonate ions

Front 150

Among its other purposes, the Valsalva maneuver is used

Back 150

to aid in defecation and urination.

Front 151

Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?

Back 151

Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.

Front 152

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is ___ mL/min.

Back 152

4,2000

Front 153

Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is ____ mL.

Back 153

4,7000