Bio 1409 Exam 2 Questions

Front 1

In organisms that reproduce sexually, _(what)_ are the sex cells that carry the genetic information from each parent

Back 1

Haploid gametes

Front 2

In the human male and female reproductive systems, each system contains paired primary sex organs called _(what)_, which contain _(what)_ that give rise to gametes.

Back 2

Gonads, germ cells

Front 3

In a secondary oocyte meiosis is arrested in metaphase II until

Back 3

Until fertilization occurs

Front 4

The hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates release of LH and FSH that stimulate the testes in the male and the ovaries in the female is

Back 4

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Front 5

In humans if a preembryo splits before day 12 of development _(what)_ are usually formed

Back 5

Identical twins

Front 6

A gene called the _(what)_ gene on the Y chromosomes must be activated at about week seven of embryonic development for development of the male sex organs and glands

Back 6

SRY

Front 7

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vas deferens are severed, and then tied. How would this cause fertility.

Back 7

Sperm cannot move to the urethra

Front 8

A tubal ligation is a surgical procedure in which the fallopian tubes are severed, and then tied. How would this cause sterility?

Back 8

Oocytes cannot move to the uterus

Front 9

Biochemical produced in a gland or organ that travel through the blood stream and alter the metabolism of specific target cells are

Back 9

Hormones

Front 10

The endocrine gland that produces hormones that regulate blood glucose levels is the

Back 10

Pancreas

Front 11

Which of the following is not typically a characteristic of a steroid hormone

Back 11

They bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell

Front 12

All of the glands of the vertebrate endocrine system are regulated by the

Back 12

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Front 13

Which of the following would be the primary target for anti-diuretic hormone

Back 13

Kidney

Front 14

A person suffering from acromegaly produces too much _(what)_ as a _(what)_

Back 14

Growth hormone, Adult

Front 15

To prevent swollen thyroid glands many nations add iodine to

Back 15

Salt

Front 16

The hormone produced by the adrenal gland that constricts blood vessels and slows digestion is

Back 16

Epinephrine

Front 17

The hormone that stimulates glycogen to be broken down to glucose is

Back 17

Glucagon

Front 18

Type II diabetes is strongly associated with

Back 18

Obesity

Front 19

Which of the following could occur in Type 1 diabetes

Back 19

A decrease in insulin secreted by the pancreas

Front 20

When blood glucose levels fall, which of the following occur?

Back 20

An increased secretion of glucagon

Front 21

Which of the following would you expect in the blood of a patient with hyperthyroidism?

Back 21

A decrease in TSH and an increase in thyroid hormones

Front 22

BPA would be considered which of the following

Back 22

An endocrine disruptor

Front 23

The presence of the Gcm-2 gene in zebrafish, chickens, mice, and humans suggests which of the following?

Back 23

All four species have a common ancestor

Front 24

ATP is required by cells for

Back 24

DNA replication, movement, production of proteins and growth

Front 25

Why does a high metabolic rate mean that an animal has a huge demand for oxygen?

Back 25

Oxygen is used by the mitochondria to obtain maximal energy from food

Front 26

A Diuretic is

Back 26

A substance that increases the volume of urine

Front 27

What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?

Back 27

Diffusion down a concentration gradient

Front 28

The influenza viruses that infect man usually are derived from a type that could also infect

Back 28

Birds and pigs

Front 29

Which of the following diseases is not caused by viruses

Back 29

Diabetes

Front 30

Viruses

Back 30

Are smaller than cells

Front 31

The host range of a virus is

Back 31

The type of organisms or cells that a virus can infect

Front 32

The correct sequence of the stages of viral replication is

Back 32

Attachment-penetration-synthesis-assembly-release

Front 33

The enzyme that HIV uses to convert its RNA into DNA is

Back 33

Reverse transcriptase

Front 34

Our most potent weapon in the fight against viruses is

Back 34

Vaccinations

Front 35

Many doctors recommend that all women be vaccinated for HPV before they become sexually active. Which step in the viral life cycle would first be blocked by a vaccine?

Back 35

Attachment

Front 36

Oral infections with herpes simplex virus 1 can lie dormant in nerve cells for years, and when a patient becomes stressed, the virus is released, forming cold sores on the lips. Where will the virus be while dormant in the nerve cell?

Back 36

Integrated in the nerve cell chromosomes

Front 37

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) only affects a specific class of cells in the immune system called T helper cells, and not other types of T cells. Which is the best explanation for this observation.

Back 37

Only T helper cells have the correct receptor on their cell surface

Front 38

The influenza virus contains an RNA gnome. Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year.

Back 38

Because the virus can mutate into new strains

Front 39

Poliomyelitis is RNA virus that can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis within a matter of hours. Olio has been virtually eliminated world-wide by which of the following?

Back 39

Vaccination

Front 40

It has been difficult to generate drugs to treat AIDS for which reason

Back 40

HIV mutates rapidly because reverse transcriptase lacks proofreading

Front 41

Which of the following is true of HIV?

Back 41

It is an enveloped virus

Front 42

The genetic information viruses

Back 42

Can be DNA or RNA

Front 43

A capsid is

Back 43

A protein coat of a virus

Front 44

Viruses that infect bacteria are

Back 44

Bacteriophages

Front 45

A reason or reasons given by scientists as to why viruses are not considered living organisms include

Back 45

Viruses do not reproduce on their own

Front 46

Viruses are not considered to be alive, yet they share this ability with living cells

Back 46

They can evolve

Front 47

The domain (domains) that contain prokaryotes is

Back 47

Both archaea and bacteria

Front 48

The region of a prokaryotic cell where the bacterial chromosome (DNA) is located is the

Back 48

Nucleoid

Front 49

The structures of prokaryotes that are used to transfer DNA from once cell to another

Back 49

Sex pili

Front 50

A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell receives DNA from another cell through sex pili is

Back 50

Conjugation

Front 51

The three most common shapes of bacteria are

Back 51

Spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral

Front 52

A microbiologist gram stains a bacterium and finds the bacterium to be pink to red in color, this identifies

Back 52

The bacterium as gram negative

Front 53

Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetatun, can survive in soil for up to 40 years. It is most likely in which of the following structures.

Back 53

An endospore

Front 54

Methicillin inhibits cell wall production. Why does this make it an effective antibiotic?

Back 54

Human cells do not have cell walls

Front 55

One way that antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria arise is that patients do not follow the instructions for taking the drug. In a typical scenario, a drug may be prescribed for a week, but the patient may stop taking it after 2-3 days if they start to feel better. Then when the infection flares up again, they take the rest of their dose. Why would this scenario lead to drug resistance?

Back 55

The first round of treatment selects for resistant bacteria, which then increase in number

Front 56

An asexual process used by prokaryotes, in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two daughter cells is called

Back 56

Binary fission

Front 57

A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell takes up naked DNA without cell to cell contact is

Back 57

Transformation

Front 58

Type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes in which a cell receives bacterial DNA from a bacteriophage is

Back 58

Transduction

Front 59

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have relatively small circular chromosomes which supports the endosymbiotic theory that they arose from which of the following?

Back 59

Bacteria

Front 60

Cyanobacteria are phototrophic. Which of the following would they also be considered?

Back 60

Autotrophic

Front 61

Many drugs are produced by placing human genes into bacteria. The bacteria then transcribe and translate these genes into functional human proteins that can then be purified and given as drugs. The fact that this process works is consistent with which statement?

Back 61

Humans and bacteria share a common ancestor.

Front 62

Streptomyces are aerobic soil bacteria that produce over 2/3rds of our antibiotics of natural origin. Why might a bacterium produce antibiotics?

Back 62

To kill competing bacteria of different species.

Front 63

Escherichia coli and salmonella can live in our intestines in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are considered which of the following?

Back 63

Facultative anaerobes