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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
WHAT ARE THE THREE NUMBERS TO KNOW? FOR CHOLESTEROL, SODIUM AND FIBER? |
300 MG CHOLESTEROL, 25 FIBER, AND 1500 FOR SODIUM |
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WHAT PERCENTAGE IS WATER IN THE HUMAN BODY? |
60% FOR MEN, 55% FEMALES, AND 70% FOR NEWBORNS |
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HOW MUCH WATER SHOULD YOU CONSUME IN A DAY? |
1-1/2 TO 3 QUARTS DAILY |
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WHAT IS THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER? |
H20 = H-O-H |
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WHAT IS FLUID IN THE CELL CALLED? |
INTRACELLULAR |
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WHAT IS FLUID OUTSIDE OF THE CELL CALLED? |
EXTRACELLULAR ALSO REFERRED TO AS INTERSITITAL |
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IS BLOOD EXTRAVASCULAR FLUID? |
YES! |
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WHAT IS FLUID IN BLOOD VESSELS CALLED? |
INTRAVASCULAR |
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WHAT IS A HYDRATION SPHERE? |
A WATER SOLUBLE SHELL OR SPHERE AND THE SHELL FORMS DUE TO ELECTRICAL FORCES OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN H20 AND SOLUTES. |
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DEFINE AQUEOUS SOLUTION |
WHEN H2O IS THE SOLVENT, SO ANYTHING THAT IS DISSOLVED BY WATER |
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DEFINE COLLOID |
A STABLE SUSPENSION |
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DEFINE OSMOSIS |
TYPE OF DIFFUSION THAT ONLY INVOLVES WATER AND H20 MOVES FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION |
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DEFINE AQUAPORINS |
WATER CHANNELS THAT ALLOW WATER TO MOVE IN AND OUT OF A CELL AND WE NEED THEM AND THEY ARE ALWAYS OPEN |
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DEFINE TONICITY |
ABILITY OF A SOLUTION TO CHANGE THE SIZE OR SHAPE OF A CELL |
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DEFINE ISOTONIC SOLUTION |
ISO=SAME, MEANS SAME # OF SOLUTES INSIDE CELL AS THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL |
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WILL ATTACHED MOLECULES BE INVOLVED IN OSMOSIS? |
NO, ATTACHED MOLECULES MEANS THAT THEY ARE INVOLVED IN HYDRATION SPHERES, AND THEY WILL NOT BE INVOLVED IN OSMOSIS, ONLY FREE H20 MOLECULES WILL DIFFUSE |
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DEFINE HYPOTONIC |
HYPO=BELOW, H20 DIFFUSES INTO CELL CAUSING CELL TO SWELL AND BURST AKA, LYSIS AND MEANS MORE FREE H20 MOLES OUTSIDE THE CELL AND MORE ATTACHED H20 IN HYDRATION SPHERES, WATER GOES INSIDE THE CELL AND BURSTS IT |
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DEFINE HYPERTONIC |
HYPER=OVER OR ABOVE, H20 DIFFUSES OUTSIDE THE CELL AND CAUSES THE CELL TO SHRINK OR SHRIVEL AKA=CRENATION, SO MORE FREE H20 MOVES OUTSIDE THE CELL DUE TO LESS SOLUTES AND LESS FREE OUTSIDE THE DUE TO MORE SOLUTES ATTACHED AND FORMING HYDRATION SPHERES, IN AND OUT |
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DEFINE ELECTROLYTES |
SUBSTANCES THAT BREAK DOWN IN H20 AS IONS AND CAN CONDUCT ELECTRICAL CURRENTS |
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DEFINE ANION |
NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS |
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DEFINE CATION |
POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS |
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WHAT ARE THE MAIN 3 IONS? |
1) CHLORINE=CL- 2) POTASSIUM= K 3) SODIUM-NA+ |
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF H20? |
TRANSPORTATION / MEDIUM FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS/ LUBRICANT / SHOCK ABSORBER / TEMP REGULATOR / HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT/ HEAT CAPACITY |
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WHY IS H20 SO UNIQUE? |
BECAUSE OF ITS ABILITY TO REQUIRE ALOT TO CHANGE ITS TEMP AND ALSO ITS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT |
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DEFINE THERMOREGULATION |
BALANCE OF HEAT GAIN W/ HEAT LOSS |
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HOW MUCH H20 DO WE GET FROM FOOD? |
2.12 LITERS PER DAY |
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WHATS THE AVERAGE H20 OUTPUT PER DAY? |
2.5 LITERS |
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WHAT IS INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS? |
YOU DON'T REALIZE THAT ITS HAPPENING IE: BREATHING, SKIN MOISTURE |
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WHAT IS SENSIBLE WATER LOSS? |
YOU KNOW THAT ITS HAPPENING, IE: TEARS, SWEATING, FECES, URINE ETC/ |
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DEFINE HYPONATREMIA |
TOO MUCH WATER GAIN, IE: WATER INTOXICATION |
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DEFINE DEHYDRATION |
INADEQUATE WATER INTAKE |
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WHAT IS THE RECOMMENDED SODIUM INTAKE LEVEL? |
1500 MG PER DAY OF SODIUM |
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HOW MUCH SODIUM DOES THE AVERAGE US DIET CONSUME DAILY? LEVEL* |
ITS 2X TO 3X OVER THE 1500 MG PER DAY |
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WHAT DOES EXCESS SODIUM DO IN THE BODY? |
INCREASES OR RAISES BLOOD PRESSURE DUE TO THE HYDRATION SPHERES |
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DEFINE HYPERNATREMIA |
EXCESS THIRST OR DEHYDRATION |
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DEFINE THE DASH DIET |
EATING FOOD LOW IN SATURATED FAT AND TOTAL FAT, THE DIET REDUCES SODIUM INTAKE AND INCREASES POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM INTAKE LEVELS WHICH HELPS TO LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE |
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WHAT IS POTASSIUM ASSOCIATED WITH? |
LOWERING BLOOD PRESSURE |
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DEFINE HYPERKALEMIA |
HIGH POTASSIUM LEVELS |
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DEFINE HYPOKALEMIA |
LOW POTASSIUM LEVELS |
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WHAT IS THE MOST CONSUMED BEVERAGE ACROSS ALL AGE LEVELS IN THE US? |
SODA |
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HOW MUCH OF OUR BOTTLED WATER COMES FROM MUNICIPAL WATER? |
25%-40% OF BOTTLED WATER IS CITY WATER |
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WHAT DOES CRANBERRY JUICE HELP? |
UTI'S, KIDNEYS AND BLADDER HEALTH |
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WHAT DOES CITRUS JUICE HELP? |
SOME CANCERS |
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WHAT DOES TOMATO JUICE HELP? |
LYCOPENE FOR EYES AND PROSTATE CANCERS |
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DEFINE A PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG |
SOMETHING THAT ALTERS A PERSONS MOOD, THINKING, MEMORY, MOTOR SKILLS, AND BEHAVIOR |
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WHAT IS TEA HIGH IN? WHY IS IT BETTER? |
IT IS HIGH IN CAFFEIENE AND ALSO PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS |
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON ETHANOL? |
ALCOHOL |
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HOW MANY CALORIES IS A GRAM OF ALCOHOL? |
6.5 CALORIES PER GRAM |
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HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE THE BODY TO METABOLIZE ONE DRINK OF ALCOHOL? |
AT LEAST ONE HOUR FOR ONE DRINK |
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WHERE IS ALCOHOL ABSORBED IN THE BODY? |
1) STOMACH 2) SMALL INTESTINES |
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HOW MUCH MORE ALCOHOL BY PERCENT DO WOMEN ABSORB IN THE BLOOD? |
30% |
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DEFINE BAC AND WHAT IS THE REF POINT |
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT AND .08 IS THE REF POINT FOR EXAM #3 |
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WHAT IS FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME? |
WHEN PREGNANT WOMEN DRINK ALCOHOL AND THE BABY RECEIVES ALCOHOL AND HAS IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS ON THE FETUS |
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WHAT ARE SOME RECOGNIZABLE EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME? |
SMALL EYES, DROOPY EYE LIDS, MENTAL RETARDATION, IMPAIRED LEARNING, SHORT-UPTURNED NOSE |
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DEFINE AN ATOM |
A BUILDING BLOCK FOR MATTER |
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WHAT ARE THE 3 CHARGES OF ATOMS? |
1) PROTON=POSITIVE CHARGE 2) ELECTRON= NEGATIVE CHARGE 3) NEUTRON= NO CHARGE |
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WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS? |
AMINO ACIDS |
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HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ? |
20 |
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WHAT IS GENERAL SHAPE OF ALL PROTEINS? |
3D RINGS |
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WHAT ARE THE 3 GROUPS OF AMINO ACIDS? |
1) NON-POLAR 2) POLAR 3) CHARGED |
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HOW ARE AMINO ACIDS CLASSIFIED? |
1) R- BASED ON RESIDUE 2) G- SIDE CHAINS |
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HOW MANY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ARE THERE? |
9 |
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WHAT ARE THE FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE/ORGANIZATION? |
1) PRIMARY- LINEAR 2) SECONDARY- ALPHA-HELIX / BETA-PLEATED SHEETS 3) TERTIARY- FINAL SHAPE- 3D OF POLYPEPTIDES 4) QUATERNARY- SOME COMBINE TO FORM IT, FULLY FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN, MADE UP OF SMALLER INDIVIDUAL PROTEINS |
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DEFINE DENATURATION |
WHEN THE SHAPE OF A PROTEIN CAN NO LONGER FUNCTION PROPERLY AND IT BECOMES INACTIVE |
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WHAT DOES DENATURATION HELP WITH? |
BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS IN BODY AND HELPS TO DIGEST PROTEINS |
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WHAT ARE SOME DENATURATING AGENTS? |
HEAT/ PH LEVELS/ SALT LEVELS/ MECHANICAL MIXING / SOME ACIDS OR BASES/ DETERGENTS/ HEAVY METALS |
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WHAT ARE THE 8 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS |
1) ENZYMATIC PROTEINS 2) DEFENSIVE PROTEINS 3) STORAGE PROTEINS 4) TRANSPORT PROTEINS 5) HORMONAL PROTEINS 6) RECEPTOR PROTEINS 7) CONTRACTIVE AND MOFUTOR PROTEINS 8) STRUCTURAL PROTEINS |
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WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF METABOLIZING PROTEINS IN THE BODY? |
1) PARTIAL BY PEPSIN ACID IN THE STOMACH 2) FURTHER BREAKDOWN/DIGESTION BY ENZYMES IN PANCREAS 3) FINAL DIGESTION OF PROTEINS TO AMINO ACIDS BY BRUSH BORDER CELLS 4) AMINO ACIDS ARE THEN ABSORBED INTO HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM AND THEN TAKEN INTO LIVER AND THEN BLOODSTREAM 5) REMAINING DIETARY FIBER IN FECES |
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DEFINE PROTEIN TURNOVER |
PROCESS OF CONTINUAL BREAK DOWN OF PROTEINS AND BUILDING NEW ONES. AMINO ACIDS ARE RECYCLED. |
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HOW MANY GRAMS OF PROTEINS DO ADULTS MAKE A DAY? |
250-300 GRAMS OF PROTEINS A DAY |
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WHAT IS FOUND IN ANIMAL PROTEINS |
CONTAINS ALL 9 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS |
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WHAT IS FOUND IN PLANT PROTEINS; |
ALL EXCEPT SOY LIKE GRAINS AND VEGGIES ARE LOW IN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS |
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DEFINE COMPLIMENTARY PROTEINS |
PLANT FOODS LIKE LEGUMES, GRAINS, VEGGIES NUTS ETC AND DO NOT CONTAIN ALL ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS BUT EATEN IN COMBINATION WITH ANIMAL PROTEINS, CAN GAIN ALL NECESSARY AMINO ACIDS |
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WHAT DOES PDCAAS STAND FOR? |
PROTEIN DIGESTABILITY CORRECTED AMINO ACIDS |
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WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR NITROGEN BALANCE? |
NITROGEN (GRAMS) =0.16 AND DIVIDED BY TOTAL PROTEIN IN GRAMS |
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HOW DO YOU CONVERT POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS? |
# OF LBS MULTIPLIED BY 1 KG= #OF KG DIVIDED BY 2.2 LBS |
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WHAT DO THE KIDNEYS DO? |
FILTERS BLOOD AND PRODUCES URINE |
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HOW MUCH BLOOD DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER EVERY DAY? |
190 LITERS OF BLOOD A DAY |
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HOW MUCH URINE DO THE KIDNEYS PRODUCE EVERY DAY? |
1.5 LITERS PER DAY |
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WHERE ARE THE KIDNEYS LOCATED? |
BELOW THE RIB CAGE |
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WHAT HORMONES CONTROL KIDNEY FUNCTION? |
1) ADH- ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE-LOW H20 LEVELS 2) RENIN- DECREASES IN BLOOD VOLUME 3) ANF- ATRIAL NATRIUTEIC FACTOR- REGULATES OR DETECTS AN INCREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME, AND PRESSURE |
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WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY ELECTROLYTES? |
1) SODIUM- MAINTAINS FLUID BALANCE 2) CHLORIDE- AIDS IN FLUID BALANCE 3) POTASSIUM- MAINTAINING SODIUM LEVELS AND FLUID BALANCE |