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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF HEALTH? |
STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL BEING AND NOT JUST THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE OR ILLNESS |
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WHAT ARE THE 6 CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS? |
CARBS, FATS AND LIPIDS, PROTEINS, WATER, MINERALS AND VITAMINS |
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A MACRONUTRIENT? |
CARBS, FATS & LIPIDS, PROTEINS, WATER |
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A MICRONUTRIENT? |
MINERALS AND VITAMINS |
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WHAT IS THE ENERGY CONTENT (CALORIES PER GRAM) FOR THE FOLLOWING:
PROTEIN// FATS& LIPIDS // CARBS |
PROTEIN= 4 CALORIES/GRAM CARBS= 4 CALORIES/GRAM FATS/LIPIDS= 9 CALORIES/GRAM |
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WHAT ARE THE FIVE KEY FACTORS TO NUTRITIONAL BALANCE? |
1) ADEQUACY (NUTRIENT DENSITY) 2) BALANCE 3) MODERATION 4) CALORIE CONTROL 5) VARIETY |
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WHAT IS A SOFA? |
IT MEANS- SOLID FATS AND ADDED SUGARS |
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WHAT DOES DRI STAND FOR? |
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE AND IT REPRESENTS: EAR, RDA, AI, UL |
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WHAT DOES EAR MEAN? |
ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENTS AND REPRESENTS 50% OF A TARGET GROUP ACROSS DESIGNATED AGE GROUP/SEX ETC |
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WHAT DOES RDA STAND FOR? |
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE, AND IT IS THE NUTRIENT INTAKE GOALS DESIGNED TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF 97% - 98% OF THE TARGET GROUP |
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WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF EMPTY CALORIE FOODS? |
SODA, SWEETENED CEREALS, AND FRIED VEGETABLES |
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ON A FOOD LABEL, WHAT IS THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR A FOOD TO BE CLASSIFIED AS HIGH IN SOMETHING? |
IT HAS TO HAVE/CONTAIN AT LEAST 20% OF THE NUTRIENTS DAILY REQUIREMENT |
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What is a Peptide bond |
1 amino acid + 1 amino acid = H20
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How do you make Lactose
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glucose + galactose = glucose-0-galactose makes h20
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What is are Phospholipids
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Major components of cellular membranes Made up of choline, phosphate, glycerol and fatty acids In margarine, chocolate, and frozen desserts
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What does L.D.L Stand for
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Low density lipoprotein main transporter of cholesterol synthisized in the liver high L.D.L. equals high blood cholesterol levels
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What does V.L.D.L. stand for
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Very Love Density Lipoprotein carries fat packages from the liver to tissue in the body
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What does H.D.L stand for
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High Density lipoprotien Carries cholesterol in the blood back to the liver for recycling or disposal High H.D.L. reduces risk of heart disease
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what does Chylomicron do
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Transports fat-triglycerides from the intestine through lymph vessels and blood
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Name 4 Lipoproteins
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Chylomicorn V.L.D.L. L.D.L. H.D.L.
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What are Omega 3 fatty Acids
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Linolenic Acids Have healthy heart effects Comes from nuts, seed, olive oil, and green leafy veggies Want to have more Omega 3 fatty acids than Omega 6 fatty acids
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What are Omega 6 fatty acids
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Linolenic Acids Increase blood pressure, immune response, and inflammation comes from eggs, chix, veggie oils and baked goods want to have less Omega 6 and more Omega 3 in fatty acids.
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What is a Emulsifier
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?????
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Describe what a complete protein source is
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Any substance that has all 9 essential amino acids Examples: Animal meat, and soybeans
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What are Monosaccharides
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The building blocks of simple sugars Examples: Glucose, fructose, and galactose
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How are Disaccharides made
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1 Monosaccharide + 1 Monosaccharide Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose
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What are Polysacchrides
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11 + monosaccharide AKA: Complex Sugar Starch is a digestible polysacchride Glycogen and cellulose and indigestible polysaccarides
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How are Trans Fatty Acids made
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By adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acid chains Has longer shelf live Body processes as if they where saturated fats
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What does a Saturated Fatty Acid look like
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Has a linear chain of the fatty acid Example: (-c-c-c-c-c) Comes from animals Soild at room temp. Longer the Chain the high the temp to melt the fat Chapter 5: page 3
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What does a unsaturated fatty Acid look like
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Has at lest one double carbon bond in along the linear chain of fatty acid Example: (c=c=c=c) Has bend in chain one double carbon bond is called Monounsaturated More than one double carbon bond is called polyunsaturated Chapter 5: page 3
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What does fiber reduce
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Cholesterol Cardiovascular disease
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what does R.D.A stand for |
Recommended Dietary allowance Chapter 6: page 13
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What is Amylose |
POLYSACC FORM OF CARBS |
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DEFINE AN ATOM
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THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER
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WHAT ARE THE THREE CHARGES OF AN ATOM
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1) PROTON = POSITIVE2) ELECTRON= NEGATIVE3) NEUTRON= NO CHARGE
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HOW MANY ELECTRONS FIT IN SHELL 1/2/3?
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SHELL #1= 2 ELECTRONSSHELL#2= 8 ELECTRONSSHELL#3= 8 ELECTRONS
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DEFINE A FREE RADICAL
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THEY ARE HIGHLY REACTIVE ATOMS AND MOLECULES WITH UNPAIRED ELECTRONS.
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DEFINE AN ANTIOXIDANT
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ANY MOLECULE THAT CAN BLOCK FREE RADICALS FROM STEALING ELECTRONS
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WHAT ARE THE 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANTIOXIDANTS?
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1) HYDROPHILIC= THEY ACT IN THE CYTOSOL 2) HYDROPHOBIC=PROTECTS CELL MEMBRANES FROM FREE RADICALS
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WHAT ARE THE ANTIOXIDANTS THAT THE BODY CAN SYNTHESIZE?
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1) GLUTATHIONE2) URIC ACID
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WHAT ARE THE ANTIOXIDANTS THAT MOST BE OBTAINED FROM THE DIET?
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1) SELENIUM2) VITAMINS A,E,C
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WHAT'S THE PURPOSE OF FREE RADICALS IN THE BODY?
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THEY ACT AS SIGNAL MOLECULES, THEY ACT AS THEIR OWN SYNTHESIS, STRESS RESPONSES, REGULATION OF CELL GROWTH AND DEATH AND METABOLISM.
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A FREE RADICAL IN THE BODY?
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HYDROGEN PEROXIDE= UPON ENGULFING A PATHOGEN IN THE BODY, IT DESTROYS THE CELL MEMBRANE.
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WHAT FACTORS CAN INCREASE THE NUMBER OF FREE RADICALS IN THE BODY?
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SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE, SMOKE, SECOND HAND SMOKE, ASBESTOS, ETC.
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WHAT FOODS HAVE THE HIGHEST SELENIUM CONTENT?
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SEAFOOD, ORGAN MEATS, MUSCLE MEATS
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WHAT FOODS ARE HIGH IN VITAMIN C?
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CITRUS FRUITS AND SOME VEGGIES
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WHAT FOODS ARE HIGH IN VITAMIN E?
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NUTS AND OILS
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WHAT FOODS ARE HIGH IN VITAMIN A?
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PHYTOCHEMICALS IN TEA
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DEFINE A VITAMIN
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ORGANIC MOLECULE THAT HAVE VERY DIVERSE FUNCTIONS, REQD IN THE DIET IN SMALL AMOUNTS (MICRONUTRIENTS) 13 HAVE BEEN FOUND IN HUMANS
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WHAT'S A POSITIVE SIDE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C?
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HELPS WITH PRODUCING COLLAGEN AND ALSO BLOCKS FREE RADICALS
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WHAT'S A POSITIVE SIDE EFFECT OF VITAMIN E?
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IT IS THE VITAMIN IN SEARCH OF A DISEASE AND PROTECTS MEMBRANES OF HEART, LUNGS, BRAIN AND OTHER ORGANS AND PROTECTS AGAINST POLLUTANTS
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WHAT'S A POSITIVE SIDE EFFECT OF VITAMIN A?
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BETA-CAROTENE HELPS LOWER THE RISK/CHANCE OF CATARACTS AND MACULAR DEGENERATION
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WHAT IS SELENIUM?
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IT IS A TRACE MINERAL FOUND IN SOIL AND HELPS TO DEFEND THE BODY AGAINST FREE RADICALS
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WHAT IS A PHYTOCHEMICAL?
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FOUND IN TEA
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM?
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1) SUPPORTS THE BODY BY PROVIDING FRAMEWORK 2) PROTECTS SOFT BODY PARTS3) PRODUCES FORMED ELEMENTS OF THE BLOOD, (RBC/WBC/PLATELETS) 4) STORES MINERALS & FATS, (CA/P/MG)5) ALLOWS MOVEMENT OF BODY
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WHAT ARE THE FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD THAT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM PRODUCES?
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1) RBC= RED BLOOD CELLS2) WBC= WHITE BLOOD CELLS3) PLATELETS
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WHAT ARE THE MINERALS THAT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM STORES?
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1) CALCIUM2) MAGNESIUM3) PHOSPHORUS
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WHAT ARE THE 2 FORMS OF BONES?
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1) COMPACT (AKA-CORTICAL BONE/DENSE BONE)2) SPONGY BONE- (AKA-CANCELLOUS BONE)
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DESCRIBE COMPACT BONE
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*IT IS ALMOST 80% OF ADULT SKELETON*IT IS RELATIVELY SOLID *MAKES UP THE BONE SURFACE*THICKEST WHERE STRESSES ARE FROM A LIMITED RANGE OF MOTION*WITHSTANDS VERTICAL COMPRESSION (FORCE)
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DESCRIBE SPONGY BONE
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*MAKES UP ABOUT 10% OF ADULT SKELETON*FORMS AN OPEN NETWORK OF STRUTS & PLATES CALLED= TRABECULAE*MAKES UP INTERIOR OF BONE*LOCATED WHERE BONES ARE NOT HEAVILY STRESSED*MUCH LIGHTER THAN COMPACT BONE, SO DECREASES THE WEIGHT OF SKELETON
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WHAT ARE THE TWO SHEATHS THAT COVER BONES CALLED?
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1) PERIOSTEUM2) ENDOSTEUM
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DESCRIBE THE PERIOSTEUM
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*LINES EXTERIOR OF BONE*MADE UP OF DENSE FIBOUROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE*CONTINUOUS WITH LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS*CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES & LYMPHATIC VESSELS
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DESCRIBE THE ENDOSTEUM
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*LINES THE MEDULLARY CAVITY & TRABECULAE OF SPONGY BONE *BASICALLY, LINES SPONGY BONE
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WHAT IS SPECIFICALLY MADE IN THE SPONGY BONE?
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BLOOD ELEMENTS: 1) RBC / 2) WBC / 3) PLATELETS
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WHAT SHOULD THE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL BE?
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BETWEEN 9MG/DL AND 11MG/DL
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WHAT IS CALCITONIN?
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A HORMONE THAT DECREASES OSTEOBLAST, (AKA-BONE PRODUCING CELLS) ACTIVITY
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS TOO MUCH CALCIUM IN THE BODY?
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BODY WILL PULL THE EXTRA CALCIUM FROM BODY AND DECREASE OSTEOBLAST ACTIVITY **THIS PROCESS IS RELATED TO THE THYROID GLAND**
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS TOO LITTLE CALCIUM IN THE BODY?
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THE PARATHYROID GLAND WILL PRODUCE THE PARATHYROID HORMONE, (PTH) AND IT INCREASES THE OSTEOCLAST (AKA-BONE BREAK DOWN CELLS) AND IT WILL START TO WEAR DOWN BONE/BREAK DOWN BONE
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WHY IS VITAMIN D ASSOCIATED WITH BONES?
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BECAUSE VITAMIN D IS NEEDED TO ABSORB CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD
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WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN HEALTH BENEFITS OF CALCIUM?
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1) IT CAN REDUCE BLOOD PRESSURE2) REDUCES RISK OF COLON CANCER3) REDUCES FORMATION OF KIDNEY STONES
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WHAT DOES BIOAVAILABILITY MEAN?
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THE AMOUNT OF A PARTICULAR NUTRIENT THAT IS ACTUALLY ABSORBED IN THE INTESTINES & NOT EXCRETED
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WHAT INCREASES BIOAVAILABILITY?
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1) STOMACH ACID2) VITAMIN D 3) ESTROGEN 4) INULIN
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WHAT ARE SOME FACTORS THAT DECREASE CALCIUM BIOAVAILABILITY?
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1) ANYTHING THAT CAUSES DIARRHEA2) OLD AGE3) POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN4) LACTOSE INTOLERANT PEOPLE5) VEGANS/VEGAN DIETS6) ADOLESCENT TEENS7) AMENORRHEIC WOMEN 8) THE, "FEMALE-ATHLETE TRIAD"
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WHAT IS CHOLECALCIFEROL?
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THE ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN D
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WHAT DOES BMD STAND FOR?
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BONE MINERAL DENSITY
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HOW IS PHOSPHORUS RELATED TO CALCIUM?
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IT TIES IN WITH CALCIUM SALTS
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WHAT DOES FLOURIDE HELP WITH ?
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MAINTAINING HEALTHY TEETH, AND IT COMES FROM WATER
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TRUE OR FALSE: THERE IS ONLY ONE TYPE OF OSTEOPOROSIS
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FALSE! THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF OSTEOPOROSIS
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TRUE OR FALSE: WHEN YOU EXERCISE, YOUR BONES WILL BECOME STRONGER AND MORE DENSE
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TRUE! THEY WILL BECOME THICKER AND MORE DENSE!
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WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS?
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*** PLEASE REFER TO NOTES ***
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODIFIABLE AND NON-MODIFIABLE FACTORS IN RELATION TO OSTEOPOROSIS?
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PLEASE REFER TO NOTES??
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WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF BEING OVERWEIGHT?
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A WEIGHT OF 10% - 20% ABOVE THE DESIRABLE WEIGHT FOR GIVEN HEIGHT.
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WHAT IS THE NORMAL WEIGHT FOR BMI?
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THE NORMAL RANGE FOR BMI= 18.5 - 24.9
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WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR BMI?
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WEIGHT MULTIPLIED BY KILOGRAMS DIVIDED BY: HEIGHT(M) SQUARED
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DO ASIANS HAVE HIGHER OR LOWER INCIDENCE OF HEALTH RELATED DISEASES RELATED TO BMI THAN AFRICAN AMERICANS OR CAUCASIANS?
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THEY HAVE A HIGHER INCIDENCE!
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WHAT ARE THE HEALTH RELATED ISSUES WITH AN APPLE BODY TYPE?
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1) HEART DISEASE2) HYPERTENSION3) ARTHRITIS
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF BODY TYPES?
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APPLE AND PEAR SHAPED!
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TRUE OR FALSE: PEAR SHAPED BODY TYPES HAVE A GREATER RISK OF HEALTH RELATED ISSUES THAN APPLE SHAPED BODY TYPES
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FALSE! PEAR SHAPED BODY TYPES HAVE A LOWER RISK OF HEALTH RELATED ISSUES THAN APPLE BODY TYPES!
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WHAT SHOULD THE WAIST CIRCUM BE FOR MEN AND WOMEN?
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FOR MEN: LESS THAN 40 AND FOR WOMEN: LESS THAN 30!
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WHAT ARE THE NORMAL WAIST TO HIP RATIOS FOR MEN AND WOMEN?
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MEN= LESS THAN 0.90 WOMEN= LESS THAN 0.85
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DEFINE A POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE
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ENERGY INTAKE IS GREATER THAN ENERGY OUTPUT, *UNLESS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING: INFANCY, PREGNANT WOMEN, BREASTFEEDING WOMEN, CHILDHOOD, ILLNESS*
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DEFINE A NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE
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RESULTS FROM AN ENERGY DEFICIT: ENERGY INTAKE IS LESS THAN ENERGY OUTPUT, SO IT EQUALS WEIGHT LOSS
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WHAT DOES, "TEE" STAND FOR?
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IT MEANS THE TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND IT IS DEFINED BY ADDING YOUR: BASAL METABOLISMDIGESTION-THERMIC EFFECT OF FOODPHYSICAL ACTIVITY
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WHAT ORGAN IN THE BODY USES THE MOST ENERGY?
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THE LIVER! IT USES 27% OF ENERGY! THEN FOLLOWED BY THE BRAIN AT 19%
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WHAT DOES, "TEF" STAND FOR?
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THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD AND IT IS DEFINED BY THE INCREASE OF METABOLISM OCCURRING THRU FOOD
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WHAT IS THE HYPOTHALAMUS?
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THE PORTION OF THE BRAIN THAT REGULATES FOOD INTAKE. WHEN FEEDING CENTER IS STIMULATED, IT SENDS OUT SIGNALS FOR THE NEED TO EAT. **IF THE SATIETY CENTER IS STIMULATED, IT SENDS OUT SIGNALS TO STOP EATING!**
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WHAT ARE THE THREE NUMBERS TO KNOW? FOR CHOLESTEROL, SODIUM AND FIBER?
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300 MG CHOLESTEROL, 25 FIBER, AND 1500 FOR SODIUM
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WHAT PERCENTAGE IS WATER IN THE HUMAN BODY?
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60% FOR MEN, 55% FEMALES, AND 70% FOR NEWBORNS
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HOW MUCH WATER SHOULD YOU CONSUME IN A DAY?
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1-1/2 TO 3 QUARTS DAILY
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WHAT IS THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER?
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H20 = H-O-H
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WHAT IS FLUID IN THE CELL CALLED?
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INTRACELLULAR
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WHAT IS FLUID OUTSIDE OF THE CELL CALLED?
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EXTRACELLULAR ALSO REFERRED TO AS INTERSITITAL
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IS BLOOD EXTRAVASCULAR FLUID?
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YES!
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WHAT IS FLUID IN BLOOD VESSELS CALLED?
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INTRAVASCULAR
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WHAT IS A HYDRATION SPHERE?
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A WATER SOLUBLE SHELL OR SPHERE AND THE SHELL FORMS DUE TO ELECTRICAL FORCES OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN H20 AND SOLUTES.
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DEFINE AQUEOUS SOLUTION
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WHEN H2O IS THE SOLVENT, SO ANYTHING THAT IS DISSOLVED BY WATER
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DEFINE COLLOID
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A STABLE SUSPENSION
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DEFINE OSMOSIS
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TYPE OF DIFFUSION THAT ONLY INVOLVES WATER AND H20 MOVES FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION
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DEFINE AQUAPORINS
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WATER CHANNELS THAT ALLOW WATER TO MOVE IN AND OUT OF A CELL AND WE NEED THEM AND THEY ARE ALWAYS OPEN
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DEFINE TONICITY
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ABILITY OF A SOLUTION TO CHANGE THE SIZE OR SHAPE OF A CELL
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DEFINE ISOTONIC SOLUTION
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ISO=SAME, MEANS SAME # OF SOLUTES INSIDE CELL AS THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL
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WILL ATTACHED MOLECULES BE INVOLVED IN OSMOSIS? |
NO, ATTACHED MOLECULES MEANS THAT THEY ARE INVOLVED IN HYDRATION SPHERES, AND THEY WILL NOT BE INVOLVED IN OSMOSIS, ONLY FREE H20 MOLECULES WILL DIFFUSE
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DEFINE HYPOTONIC
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HYPO=BELOW, H20 DIFFUSES INTO CELL CAUSING CELL TO SWELL AND BURST AKA, LYSIS AND MEANS MORE FREE H20 MOLES OUTSIDE THE CELL AND MORE ATTACHED H20 IN HYDRATION SPHERES, WATER GOES INSIDE THE CELL AND BURSTS IT
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DEFINE HYPERTONIC
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HYPER=OVER OR ABOVE, H20 DIFFUSES OUTSIDE THE CELL AND CAUSES THE CELL TO SHRINK OR SHRIVEL AKA=CRENATION, SO MORE FREE H20 MOVES OUTSIDE THE CELL DUE TO LESS SOLUTES AND LESS FREE OUTSIDE THE DUE TO MORE SOLUTES ATTACHED AND FORMING HYDRATION SPHERES, IN AND OUT
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DEFINE ELECTROLYTES
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SUBSTANCES THAT BREAK DOWN IN H20 AS IONS AND CAN CONDUCT ELECTRICAL CURRENTS
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DEFINE ANION
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NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS
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DEFINE CATION
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POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS
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WHAT ARE THE MAIN 3 IONS?
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1) CHLORINE=CL-2) POTASSIUM= K3) SODIUM-NA+
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF H20?
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TRANSPORTATION / MEDIUM FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS/ LUBRICANT / SHOCK ABSORBER / TEMP REGULATOR / HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT/ HEAT CAPACITY
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WHY IS H20 SO UNIQUE?
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BECAUSE OF ITS ABILITY TO REQUIRE ALOT TO CHANGE ITS TEMP AND ALSO ITS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
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DEFINE THERMOREGULATION
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BALANCE OF HEAT GAIN W/ HEAT LOSS
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HOW MUCH H20 DO WE GET FROM FOOD?
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2.12 LITERS PER DAY
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WHATS THE AVERAGE H20 OUTPUT PER DAY?
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2.5 LITERS
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WHAT IS INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS?
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YOU DON'T REALIZE THAT ITS HAPPENING IE: BREATHING, SKIN MOISTURE
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WHAT IS SENSIBLE WATER LOSS?
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YOU KNOW THAT ITS HAPPENING, IE: TEARS, SWEATING, FECES, URINE ETC/
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DEFINE HYPONATREMIA
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TOO MUCH WATER GAIN, IE: WATER INTOXICATION
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DEFINE DEHYDRATION
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INADEQUATE WATER INTAKE
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WHAT IS THE RECOMMENDED SODIUM INTAKE LEVEL?
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1500 MG PER DAY OF SODIUM
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HOW MUCH SODIUM DOES THE AVERAGE US DIET CONSUME DAILY? LEVEL*
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ITS 2X TO 3X OVER THE 1500 MG PER DAY
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WHAT DOES EXCESS SODIUM DO IN THE BODY?
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INCREASES OR RAISES BLOOD PRESSURE DUE TO THE HYDRATION SPHERES
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DEFINE HYPERNATREMIA
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EXCESS THIRST OR DEHYDRATION
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DEFINE THE DASH DIET
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EATING FOOD LOW IN SATURATED FAT AND TOTAL FAT, THE DIET REDUCES SODIUM INTAKE AND INCREASES POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM INTAKE LEVELS WHICH HELPS TO LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE
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WHAT IS POTASSIUM ASSOCIATED WITH?
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LOWERING BLOOD PRESSURE
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DEFINE HYPERKALEMIA
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HIGH POTASSIUM LEVELS
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DEFINE HYPOKALEMIA
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LOW POTASSIUM LEVELS
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WHAT IS THE MOST CONSUMED BEVERAGE ACROSS ALL AGE LEVELS IN THE US?
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SODA
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HOW MUCH OF OUR BOTTLED WATER COMES FROM MUNICIPAL WATER?
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25%-40% OF BOTTLED WATER IS CITY WATER
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WHAT DOES CRANBERRY JUICE HELP?
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UTI'S, KIDNEYS AND BLADDER HEALTH
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WHAT DOES CITRUS JUICE HELP?
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SOME CANCERS
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WHAT DOES TOMATO JUICE HELP?
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LYCOPENE FOR EYES AND PROSTATE CANCERS
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DEFINE A PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG
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SOMETHING THAT ALTERS A PERSONS MOOD, THINKING, MEMORY, MOTOR SKILLS, AND BEHAVIOR
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WHAT IS TEA HIGH IN? WHY IS IT BETTER?
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IT IS HIGH IN CAFFEIENE AND ALSO PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON ETHANOL?
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ALCOHOL
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HOW MANY CALORIES IS A GRAM OF ALCOHOL?
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6.5 CALORIES PER GRAM
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HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE THE BODY TO METABOLIZE ONE DRINK OF ALCOHOL?
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AT LEAST ONE HOUR FOR ONE DRINK
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WHERE IS ALCOHOL ABSORBED IN THE BODY?
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1) STOMACH 2) SMALL INTESTINES
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HOW MUCH MORE ALCOHOL BY PERCENT DO WOMEN ABSORB IN THE BLOOD?
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30%
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DEFINE BAC AND WHAT IS THE REF POINT
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BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT AND .08 IS THE REF POINT FOR EXAM #3
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WHAT IS FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME?
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WHEN PREGNANT WOMEN DRINK ALCOHOL AND THE BABY RECEIVES ALCOHOL AND HAS IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS ON THE FETUS
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WHAT ARE SOME RECOGNIZABLE EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME?
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SMALL EYES, DROOPY EYE LIDS, MENTAL RETARDATION, IMPAIRED LEARNING, SHORT-UPTURNED NOSE
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DEFINE AN ATOM
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A BUILDING BLOCK FOR MATTER
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WHAT ARE THE 3 CHARGES OF ATOMS?
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1) PROTON=POSITIVE CHARGE2) ELECTRON= NEGATIVE CHARGE3) NEUTRON= NO CHARGE
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WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS?
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AMINO ACIDS
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HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ?
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20
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WHAT IS GENERAL SHAPE OF ALL PROTEINS?
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3D RINGS
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WHAT ARE THE 3 GROUPS OF AMINO ACIDS?
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1) NON-POLAR2) POLAR3) CHARGED
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HOW ARE AMINO ACIDS CLASSIFIED?
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1) R- BASED ON RESIDUE2) G- SIDE CHAINS
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HOW MANY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ARE THERE?
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9
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WHAT ARE THE FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE/ORGANIZATION?
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1) PRIMARY- LINEAR2) SECONDARY- ALPHA-HELIX / BETA-PLEATED SHEETS3) TERTIARY- FINAL SHAPE- 3D OF POLYPEPTIDES4) QUATERNARY- SOME COMBINE TO FORM IT, FULLY FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN, MADE UP OF SMALLER INDIVIDUAL PROTEINS
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DEFINE DENATURATION
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WHEN THE SHAPE OF A PROTEIN CAN NO LONGER FUNCTION PROPERLY AND IT BECOMES INACTIVE
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WHAT DOES DENATURATION HELP WITH?
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BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS IN BODY AND HELPS TO DIGEST PROTEINS
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WHAT ARE SOME DENATURATING AGENTS?
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HEAT/ PH LEVELS/ SALT LEVELS/ MECHANICAL MIXING / SOME ACIDS OR BASES/ DETERGENTS/ HEAVY METALS
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WHAT ARE THE 8 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
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1) ENZYMATIC PROTEINS2) DEFENSIVE PROTEINS3) STORAGE PROTEINS4) TRANSPORT PROTEINS5) HORMONAL PROTEINS6) RECEPTOR PROTEINS7) CONTRACTIVE AND MOFUTOR PROTEINS8) STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
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WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF METABOLIZING PROTEINS IN THE BODY?
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1) PARTIAL BY PEPSIN ACID IN THE STOMACH2) FURTHER BREAKDOWN/DIGESTION BY ENZYMES IN PANCREAS3) FINAL DIGESTION OF PROTEINS TO AMINO ACIDS BY BRUSH BORDER CELLS 4) AMINO ACIDS ARE THEN ABSORBED INTO HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM AND THEN TAKEN INTO LIVER AND THEN BLOODSTREAM5) REMAINING DIETARY FIBER IN FECES
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DEFINE PROTEIN TURNOVER
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PROCESS OF CONTINUAL BREAK DOWN OF PROTEINS AND BUILDING NEW ONES. AMINO ACIDS ARE RECYCLED.
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HOW MANY GRAMS OF PROTEINS DO ADULTS MAKE A DAY?
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250-300 GRAMS OF PROTEINS A DAY
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WHAT IS FOUND IN ANIMAL PROTEINS
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CONTAINS ALL 9 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
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WHAT IS FOUND IN PLANT PROTEINS;
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ALL EXCEPT SOY LIKE GRAINS AND VEGGIES ARE LOW IN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
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DEFINE COMPLIMENTARY PROTEINS
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PLANT FOODS LIKE LEGUMES, GRAINS, VEGGIES NUTS ETC AND DO NOT CONTAIN ALL ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS BUT EATEN IN COMBINATION WITH ANIMAL PROTEINS, CAN GAIN ALL NECESSARY AMINO ACIDS
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WHAT DOES PDCAAS STAND FOR?
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PROTEIN DIGESTABILITY CORRECTED AMINO ACIDS
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WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR NITROGEN BALANCE?
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NITROGEN (GRAMS) =0.16 AND DIVIDED BY TOTAL PROTEIN IN GRAMS
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HOW DO YOU CONVERT POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS?
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# OF LBS MULTIPLIED BY 1 KG= #OF KG DIVIDED BY 2.2 LBS
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WHAT DO THE KIDNEYS DO?
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FILTERS BLOOD AND PRODUCES URINE
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HOW MUCH BLOOD DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER EVERY DAY?
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190 LITERS OF BLOOD A DAY
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HOW MUCH URINE DO THE KIDNEYS PRODUCE EVERY DAY?
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1.5 LITERS PER DAY
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WHERE ARE THE KIDNEYS LOCATED?
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BELOW THE RIB CAGE
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WHAT HORMONES CONTROL KIDNEY FUNCTION?
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1) ADH- ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE-LOW H20 LEVELS2) RENIN- DECREASES IN BLOOD VOLUME3) ANF- ATRIAL NATRIUTEIC FACTOR- REGULATES OR DETECTS AN INCREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME, AND PRESSURE
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WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY ELECTROLYTES?
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1) SODIUM- MAINTAINS FLUID BALANCE 2) CHLORIDE- AIDS IN FLUID BALANCE 3) POTASSIUM- MAINTAINING SODIUM LEVELS AND FLUID BALANCE |
