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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three functions of blood?
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1. Transportation. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and waste products. 2. Regulation. Ph, body temperature, osmotic pressure. 3. Protection. Clotting and phagocytosis.
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How many components does blood have? Name them.
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2. blood plasma and formed elements
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Blood plasma mostly consists of ________?
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water, 91.5%
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Blood plasma is made of up three main parts, name them.
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water, proteins and other solutes.
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How many components make up the formed elements of blood? Name them.
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3. RBC, WBC and platelets
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What are the four main groups and percentages of proteins in blood plasma?
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Albumins; 54%: Globulins; 38%: Fibrogens; 7%: Others; 1%
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What's the main function of water in blood plasma?
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Solvent
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What's the main function of plasma in blood?
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Exert colloid osmotic pressure.
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What part of blood plasma acts as transport proteins for several fatty acids and steroid hormones.
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Albumins
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What part of plasma helps transport iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.
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Globulins
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Part of the blood plasma that help with blood clotting.
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Fibrogin
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Regulatory substances are contained in what part of blood.
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blood plasma, as a solute
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Electrolites are contained in what part of blood.
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blood plasma, as a solute
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Nutrients are contained in what part of blood.
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blood plasma, as a solute
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Gases are contained in what part of blood.
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blood plasma, as a solute
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Waste products are contained in what part of blood.
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blood plasma, as a solute
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How many main types of white blood cells are there? Name them.
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5. Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils.
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How are white blood cells categorized?
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granular and agranular
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Name the granular white blood cells.
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eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils
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Name the agranular white blood cells.
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lymphocytes and monocytes
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Plasma is __ % of blood and formed elements are ___ % of blood.
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55, 45
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Certain blood cells develop into cells that produce gamma globulins that are produced during certain immune responses. These are called?
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antibodies or immunoglobulins
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Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by ____?
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RBCs
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The percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs is called?
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hematocrit
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A drop in hematocrit is called?
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anemia
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A rise in hematocrit is called?
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polycythemia
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What hormone stimulates the production of RBCs?
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erythropoietin
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Men have a higher hematocrit, why?
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testosterone stimulates EPO
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What is the process by which formed cells develop?
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hemopoiesis
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What cell is the starting place for all of the formed cells of blood?
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pluripotent stem cells or hemocytoblasts
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Pluripotent stem cells develop into two different types of stem cells. Name them.
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Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells
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Myeloid stem cells form and develop in the red bone marrow. How do Lymphoid stem cells differ?
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Lymphoid stem cells start in the red bone marrow and complete development in lymphatic tissue.
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Some myeloid stem cells develop into progenitor cells or precursor cells. How do Lymphoid stem cells differ?
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Lymphoid stem cells do not develop into progenitor cells.
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What are the development steps from a myeloid stem cell to a red blood cell?
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Myeloid --> progenitor CFU-E --> proerythroblast --> reticulocyte --> RBC
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What are the development steps from a myeloid stem cell to a platelet?
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Myeloid --> progenitor CFU-Meg --> megakaryoblast --> megakaryocyte --> platelet
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What's another name for erythrocyte?
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Red Blood Cell
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What's another name for platelet?
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thrombocyte
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Hemoglobin consists of how many polypeptide chains?
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4
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What are the two types of hemoglobin polypeptide chains?
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alpha / beta
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A heme group is attached to what part of an RBC?
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one for each of the four hemoglobin polypeptide chains in hemoglobin.
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What does heme contain that helps supports one of the main functions of the RBC?
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It has an iron ion, Fe 2+, that revesibly binds with O2.
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How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin hold?
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4
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What other functions besides carrying oxygen does RBCs have.
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Carry CO2 and NO.
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What carries Fe2+ in the blood stream?
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transferrin
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What is the iron storage protein in the liver?
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ferritin
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What are the steps heme goes through after phagocytocis of the red blood cell?
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heme --> biliverdin --> bilirubin --> (bacteria) urobiligen --> [excreted as Urobilin by kidneys] or [excreted as stercobilin in feces]
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What is the life of a RBC?
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120 days
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What two white blood cells are involved in phagocytocis?
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Neutrophils and monocytes
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What is chemotaxis?
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The phenomenon where chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissue attract phagocytes.
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Which WBC releases lysozymes, strong oxidants and defensins.
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Neutrophils
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Monocytes perform phagocytosis after _____?
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transforming into either fixed or wandering macrophages.
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What WBC liberates heparin, histamine and serotonin in allergic reactions?
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basophils
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What WBC combats the effects of histamine, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and destroy certain parasitic worms.
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Eosinophils
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What is the precursor of plasma cells?
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B lymphocytes (B cell)
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What are three mechanisms that contribute to hemostatis?
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vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulations (clotting)
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Name the three steps in platelet plug formation.
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platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, platelet aggregation.
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What is the hormone within platelets that cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle and fibroblasts?
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platelet-derived growht factor (PDGF)
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Clotting involves substances know as _________?
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Clotting or coagulation factors.
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What is used to identify coagulation factors?
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Roman Numerals
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What are the two pathways of clotting?
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Extrinsic and intrinsic
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A tissue protein named _______________ or _____________ leaks into the blood from cells outside blood cells and initiates the formation of prothrombinase.
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TF (tissue factor) or thromboplastin
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What are the three stages of clotting?
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1. extrinsic or intrinsic pathway. 2. prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin. 3. thrombin converts soluble fibrogen into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms the threads of the clot.
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