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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of "alive" in this class?
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Composed of cells
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What is the basic unit of life?
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a cell
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What are the 7 characteristics of being alive?
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Homeostasis, Organization, Reproduction, Growth, Adaptation, Stimuli (response), Metabolism
(HORGASM) |
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What is generally not considered a form of life?
Why? |
Viruses, prions
They don't have cells |
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Viruses are generally considered ________ rather than a form of life
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replicators
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Prions cause which two diseases?
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bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
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How are prions infectious?
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Prions are mis-folded proteins that propagate by entering a healthy organism and inducing normal forms of the protein to convert into the rogue form.
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Name the 3 organism Domains.
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Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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What was the old version of classifying organisms?
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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
(prokaryotes included archaea and bacteria) |
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Name the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya
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Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
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Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista are the 4 groups in which classification?
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Kingdoms (eukarya)
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Name a few examples of archaea.
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Thermophiles, cyanobacteria, sulfophiles, acetophiles
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Name the order of classifications from Phyla to species (genus)...
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Phyla, sub-phyla, class, order, species(genus)
PSCOS |
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Which category of organism has the most estimated species? vertebrae, invertebrae, fungi, plants, or bacteria
2nd place? |
Bacteria! 5-10 million species estimated
then Invertebraes at 1.3 million (vertebraes are last place 60k) |
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Only a small fraction of the species in the world have been ______ and ______
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identified and named
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Name the 7 basic units of all cells (and describe)
PERCHDM "perch-dumb" |
Plasma membrane, Energy, Response, Cytosol, Homeostasis (intracellular), DNA, Metabolism
Plasma membrane: Selectively permeable lipid bilayer Require an external source of E (energy) Ability to sense and respond to the environment Cytosol: Variably viscous internal fluid intracellular Homeostasis Double-stranded DNA, RNA and proteins Metabolism: Build-up and break-down of molecules |
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A nucleoid is compartmentalized but not _______-bound
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membrane
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What's the difference between the cytosol and the cytoplasm?
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cytosol:The fluid portion within the cytoplasm (water soluable stuff)
cytoplasm: anything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane |
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Difference between a plasma membrane and a cell membrane
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Plasma membrane: semi-permable, 1 type
Cell membrane: all phospholipid bilayers (big category), encompasses mitochondrial membranes, nuclear membranes. It's a general term |
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Can a cell create energy?
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No, it can only use it
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Do prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?
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Yes
Previously it was thought that they didn't but its actually complex, formed of microtubes and whatnot |
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Bacteria only exist as a population and are bound by _______ _______
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extracellular material
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Total genome includes DNA from 3 places
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nuclear DNA, DNA in the mitochondria, chloroplast DNA
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What is gene conservation
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if a structure/function is important enough, it will not change, even by evolution
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what is a genotype?
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The nucleic acid sequence of the genome
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definition of "traditional genetic phenotype"
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variations in visible ‘characters’
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definition of"molecular phenotype"
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variations in protein sequence and function
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definition of "cellular phenotype"
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cell specialization in multicellular organisms resulting from expression of a subset of the inherited genotype
(skin cells, liver cells, muscle cells, etc...) |
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structure and ________ and directly related
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function
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if structure and function are really important, than more than likely all organisms will retain it.
What is this idea called |
conservation of structure and function
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Which has more possible variations? genes or combinations of bases
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combinations of bases
(waaay more base complexity than # of genes) |
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Does having a larger number of genes make it a more complex organism?
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No!
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There are about ___ "core" genes shared by almost all organisms
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60 core genes
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How many living species are there?
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~10-100 million
only 1.8 million have been identified |
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List from Most to Least estimated # of species:
Vertebrates, Invertebrates, fungi, bacteria, plants |
Bacteria, Invertebrates, Plants, Fungi, vertebrates
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The most common cause of mutation from?
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Dna replication
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The biggest source of DNA mutation is ....
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DNA replication
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There are 2 main types of cell death...
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necrosis and programmed cell death
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what is necrosis
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cell death by starvation or injury or something unanticipated by the cell
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programmed cell death is
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cell suicide
4 different types of programmed cell death |
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apotosis is...
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programmed cell death (main type)
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Everything outside of the plasma membrane of a cell is called the
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extracellular structure (cell walls, exoskeleton, connective tissue)
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Extracellular matrix provides ________ as well as________
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structural support as well as defense
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Most of the species that have been named are ______
2nd place? |
Insects, Plants
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our mitochondrial contains genes that code for 3 things?
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proteins, tRNA, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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What do extracellular structures do? 4 things
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keep the organism intact and allow coordinated function, Mechanical support and defense ,Adhesion for cells and tissues, Substrate for cell and organismal movement, Regulation of cell growth and function
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what extracellular structure does bacteria secrete?
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plaque (biofilm
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What kind of sugar cell walls do fungi secrete?
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Chitin
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What kind of sugar cell walls do plants make?
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cellulose
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ECM stands for?
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extracellular matrix
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What kind of sugar cell walls do prokaryotes make?
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peptidoglycan
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What kind of sugar cell walls do archea make?
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pseudopeptidoglycan
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Plants and algae makes which 3 kinds of cell walls?
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cellulose, pectin, crosslinking glycan
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All cells secrete their own...
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extracellular matrix (ECM)
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Which comes first the bone cell or the bone ECM?
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the CELL makes the extracellular matrix, so the cell comes first
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What are the basic components of an ECM?
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Sugar ground substance (basis), protein organizers, tensile strength, tissue flexibility, hardening agents.
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What is the MOST BASIC component of an ECM?
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sugar ground substance
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What is the hardening agent in humans?
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Ca+ apatite
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arthopods are animals that have an _______
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exoskeleton
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arthopods have a sugar ground substance made of _____
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chitin
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Arthopods have which hardening agent?
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Ca+ carbonate
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Calcium carbonate is the hardening agent of ________ and calcium apatite is for __________
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exoskeletons, endoskeletons
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groups of bacteria use biofilm for what? 3 things
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to become: adherent, differentiated, cooperative
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Do all bacteria (same genome) in a community behave the same?
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No
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what is anoikis?
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a type of programmed cell death. when a cell loses its attachment to a biofilm, and is seperated from the herd and dies.
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basil lamina is made up entirely of______
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protein
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Muscle cells need to be a cohesive group so they need to have what?
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cell adhesion (the heart muscles have intense cell adhesion so they don't break apart)
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what is a Syncitium?
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a bunch of different things working together. can't work alone.
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Life needs one specific thing.....
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water
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Plants don't have a _________system, but they do have a __________system to transport nutrients
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circulatory, vascular
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Intercellular signals are used to coordinate things like :
intercellular signaling is communication with other cells (for example muscle cells to liver cells) |
gene expression, mating, sporulation and cell death in response to population density, nutrients, stress and other cues
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Qurom sensing is when bacteria use signals to....
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regulate the number of cells within a biofilm
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What are the five kinds of intercellular signalling?
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Paracrine signaling, Endocrine signaling, Synaptic signaling, Juxtacrine signalling, Cytosolic sharing
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The type of intercellular communication method used depends on what?
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Their location, relative to each other
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Juxtacrine signalling means what?
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right next to each other, contact dependant
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Paracrine signaling
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cells release signals that affect nearby target cells
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Endocrine signaling,
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Requires a bloodstream
must be secreted, transported through the bloodstream, and then secreted into tissue to reach target cell specificity is important (horomones use this system) |
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Synaptic signaling,
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only animals have it, because plants dont have a nervous system, Requires a nervous system
signaling sell must be a neuron axon is right next to the target cell |
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Juxtacrine signalling
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Contact dependent (touching each other O.O)
the signal is on the surface of a cell, the target cell has a surface receptor Immune system uses snuggle-up signalling |
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Cytosolic sharing
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Gap junction- tunnel from one cytosol to the cytosol of the target cell
Ions can flow through to create a concentration gradient only in animals (and multicellular organisms) |
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Synaptic signaling is a cross between which 2 types of signalling
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paracrine and endocrine signalling
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What is the one type of cell signaling that does not have a receptor?
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cytosolic sharing
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What is the plant equivelent of cytosolic sharing?
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cell walls fuse together to create a tunnel called a plasma desmata?
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How many different kinds of cells are in our body?
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about 200 different types
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Cell types are determined by ___ ___ ___
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differential gene expression
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what is the term for cells that are performing a function?
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terminally differentiated cells (such as bone cells, they will always only have that one fxn, unlike stem cells)
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Anatomical Organization in Multicellular Organisms
organize by level organ, cell type, tissue, system |
system-->organ-->tissue type-->cell type
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in all organs, the cells types can be divided into either _____or _______
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epithelial or mesenchymal
(it is either epithelial or mesenchymal, but not both) |
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Skin cells are epithelial or mesenchymal?
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epithelial and parenchymal
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ECM, or connective tissue is epithelial or mesenchymal?
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mesenchymal
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stromal cells = ____________ cells
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support
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parenchymal vs. support
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two types of cell
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fiber glass, smooth muscle cells, stromal cells
(all supporting cells) are what kind of cell? |
mesenchymal
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epithelial cells of the liver are.....
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parenchymal cells
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What is the difference between parenchymal cells and stromal (support) cells?
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parenchyma =functional cells of an organ. Stromal cells are the structural tissues (ex: connective tissues)
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What is an example of an epithelial, stromal cell?
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bone marrow
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define mesenchymal
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connective tissue, typically from the mesoderm
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What are the 3 types of stem cells?
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Totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent
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Totipotent stem cells means?
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has potential to differentiate into any cell
(embryonic) (only real totipotent cell is a embryo) |
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Pluripotent stem cells means?
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can also differentiate (like totipotent) into any cell, but cannot create an entire organism
(embroyonic) |
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multipotent cells mean?
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make different kinds of cells WITHIN A TISSUE TYPE
(such as different kinds of blood cells) |
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an inner cell mass will turn into a_____
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baby
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can a trophoblast turn into a baby?
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no, it will turn into a placenta, but no baby
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What are the 2 types of cells that are neither epithelial or mesenchymal ?
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Muscle cells, and nervous tissue cells
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What are the 4 types of vertebrate tissue?
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Epithelium, Connective Tissue, Muscle, Nervous Tissue
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an Epithelium is the lining of the ______ ______ of an organ or the _____ ____ of an organ
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an Epithelium is the lining of the OUTER SURFACE of an organ or the INNER SURFACE of an organ
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what are the different patterns of epithelial tissue?
(cell shape) |
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
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what are the different patterns of epithelial tissue?
(cell layers) |
Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified, Transitional
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What kind of cells are your intestine lining composed of?
What's its function? |
simple columnar epithelium
function=absorption |
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goblet cells secrete what?
where are goblet cells found? what is the shape of goblet cells? |
mucen, intestine, columnar
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why are columnar cells used for absorption?
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because the columnar cells act as a storage space for nutrients and whatnot
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What type of cells are trachea cells?
(throat area, respitory tract) |
ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium
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What type of cells are small intestine cells?
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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What type of cells are blood vessel cells?
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simple, Squamous Epithelium
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What type of cells are skin cells?
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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What is the function of cilia?
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It traps particles (but it cannot whip things out)
it also keeps things from moving downward, into the lungs |
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all epithilial cells attach to a base called a ____ ____
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basal lamina
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Cell adhesion and the ____ ___ layer make skin waterproof.
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prickle cell
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The only cells that divide in the epidermis is the ______ cells
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basal cells
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At the granular cell layer of skin, cells begin to _______ to produce the top layer of skin.
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keratinize
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Cornification is the....
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over- production of cytokeratins, ECM and the adhesions to a degree that stops cellular metabolism.
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What are the pigments that protect your skin?
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Melanocytes
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Name 6 types of Mesenchymal cell types?
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Loose connective tissue, fiberous connective tissue (dense), adipose tissue, cartilige, bone, and blood,
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bone cells are also called_____
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osteocytes
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A fibroblast is from what kind of tissue?
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fiberous connective tissue
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bone marrow makes a type of cell. what type?
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blood cells
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Difference between the cells of white fat and brown fat?
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white fat is a single large droplet of fat, while brown fat cells contain many many droplets
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What are the main 3 cell types of contractile tissue?
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Smooth muscle cells, heart muscle cells and skeletal muscle fibers
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Skeletal muscle is composed of a group of fibers called a
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syncitium
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Each skeletal muscle cell will fuze with other cells to form a....
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muscle fiber
(all the cells need to work as a group= syncitium) (are connected by adhesion) |
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Do heart muscle cells form a syncitium?
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NO
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You need adhesion and anchorage to have
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motion
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glial cells
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astrocytes, neuron, ependymal cells
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a nerve is a bundle of ____
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axons
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blood vessels are in eveything right?
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right
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cartilige heals slowly because?
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there is few blood vessels, so slower metabolism
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