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136 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Carollus Linnaeus

popularized binomial nomenclature to


standardize naming

Domains

Eukarya; Bacteria; Archaea

Kingdoms

Monera; Protista; Plantae; Fungi; Animalia

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

Species name consists of _________ + _________.

genus; species

species

evolutionarily independent group

Biological Species Concept

two populations don't interbreed in nature or do interbreed but cannot produce viable offspring

prezygotic isolation

prevention of individuals from mating

temporal prevention

breeding occurs at different times

habitat prevention

two species breed in different environments

behavioral prevention

two species have different courting procedures

gametic barrier

two species have gametes that are not compatible

mechanical barrier

two species have genitalia that are not compatible

postzygotic isolation

embryos created by two individuals of two diff. species are not able to survive or are sterile

hybrid viability

embryos of two diff. species die in embryo

hybrid sterility

the hybrid created by two diff. species is sterile

morphospecies concept

if two species look different, they are different


(can include behavioral differences)

problem with morphospecies concept

traits are subjective; differences can be due to variation, genetic drift, mutation, etc.

phylogenetic species

study of evolutionary history

phenetics

look at all traits equally to determine relatedness of species

cladistics

look at more recently evolved traits to determine the relatedness of species

Dusky seaside sparrow

went extinct because the remaining individuals were mated with a totally different, distinct subspecies

monophyletic group

ancestor and all of its relatives; one node and everything that branches off of it

paraphyletic group

ancestor and only some of its relatives; looks more at loss of traits

Homoplasy

2 groups have common traits NOT due to


common ancestor; usually due to convergence

Parsimony

homology is more likely than convergence

Speciation

based on isolation and divergence

Allopatric speciation

"different homeland"


due to physical barrier

Sympatric speciation

no physical barrier; caused by behavioral isolation

Morning Glory Pool

bacteria grow in rings due to temperature differences

apple maggot flies

ex. of sympatric speciation; become distinct species because they return to specific kind of tree when mating

reinforcement

when two species' offspring are less successful, interbreeding will not be selected for and the two species will be further separated

hybrid zones

area where 2 pops overlap and hybrids exist;


offspring of 2 species are as strong as parent

age of earth

4.6 billion years

oldest fossils/stromatolites

3.7 billion years

Carl Woese

did RNA work showing that bacteria, archaea and eukarya are separate groups

Do archaea cause disease? Do bacteria?

no; yes

MRSA

example of evolution of antibiotic resistance

differences between bacteria and archaea

1. RNA sequences


2. bacteria have peptidoglycan layer


3. bacteria don't have distinct lipid layers


4. bacteria cause disease; archaea do not

biogeochemical cycling

bacteria break down dead organisms

Gram + Bacteria

stain purple b/c stain gets stuck in thick


peptidoglycan layer; used in cheese, yogurt, and pesticides

Proteobacteria

gram negative; phospholid bilayer covers


peptidoglycan layer and makes bacteria more


resistant to antibiotics/immune system

Rhizobium bacteria

provide usable nitrogen from atmosphere to plants

cyanobacteria

non-disease causing; photosynthetic; added O2 to air in early environments; gram (-); ancestors of chloroplasts

Archaea

extremophiles due to protective hydrocarbon lipid layer around cell; first form of life

eukarya

protists, fungi, plantae, and animalia


paraphyletic group

Common traits of eukarya

1. nuclear membrane surrounding genetic info


2. internal cytoskeleton to move products


3. membrane-bound organelles

prokarya vs. eukarya



1. prokarya are smaller


2. prokarya divide via binary fission; eukarya


divide via mitosis/meiosis


3. prokaryotes capable of transformation etc.; eukarya use meiosis

endosymbiosis theory

mitochondria/chloroplasts were originally


independent organisms that were engulfed by anaerobic predators and developed a symbiotic relationship

evidence of endosymbiosis theory

1. multiple membranes in mitochondria/chloroplasts


2. independent genomes


3. independent reproduction via fission

heterotroph requirements

1. big enough to swallow prey


2. digestive enzymes


3. internal transport system


4. efficient metabolism


5. mobility to search/catch food

protist morphology

1. apical complex for enzymatic digestion


2. cilia/flagella for movement


3. amoeboid movement


4. multicellularity for specialization


5. alteration of genes from haploid to diploid


between generations



chloroplasts

photosynthetic machines using chlorophyll a/b and beta carotene

thylakoids

used in photosynthesis; exist in stacks without touching each other to maximize surface area (thylakoid condition)

cellulose

used in primary cell wall for additional structural support and protection

what wavelength of light penetrates water best?

blue

advantages of plants moving to land

1. more sunlight -- not absorbed by water


2. more CO2 -- more easily diffused through


atmosphere than thru water


3. no predators

challenges of plants moving to land

1. must overcome gravity


2. lack of water -- face dehydration and need


water to reproduce


3. damage from UV radiation

trend in land plants

increased structural complexity to better survive in harsh and competitive environments

vascular tissue

allows the movement of materials

wood

more structure/support



non-vascular plants w/o cuticle

aquatic


no specialized cells


cytoskeleton


no cuticle



non-vascular with cuticle

first land plants


requires water for reproduction


no vascular tissue


cuticle prevents water loss


gametophyte stage -- sporophyte creates


haploid spores



vascular seedless plants

vacular tissue (xylem and phloem)


creates spores instead of seeds


need water for reproduction



gymnosperms

vascular


naked seeds --> protect embryo


pollen


needles reduce SA for photosynthesis but help in arid environments

angiosperms

vascular


fruit covered seeds


monocots and dicots

wavelength vs. energy

larger wavelength = lower energy


smaller wavelength = higher energy

gamma rays/x rays

too high energy for human photoreceptors to detect; disentenuate when they hit things

roots

starch storage; no leaves/nodes



tap roots

reach deeper into soil to reach nutrients and


water; anchor plant

fibrous roots

more shallow than tap roots; anchor plants

snorkel roots

allow for gas exchange in underwater roots

shoots

have leaves/nodes; allow buds/leaves to grow

axial shoots

central trunk with branching in single plane;


survive better in icy/windy conditions

dendritic shoots

branching in multiple planes for maximum


sunlight absorption

buttress roots

form of shoot; support structures

leaf functions

1. photosynthesis


2. protection


3. water collection


4. attachment for climbing


5. water storage


6. nitrogen fixing

compound leaf

several leaflets

double compound leaf

leaflets on leaflets; more common in place with excess water/heavy rainfall

needles

max water conservation; reduced but year-round photosynthesis

primary cell wall

contains cellulose for structure/protection

secondary cell wall

used in specialization; may contain lignin or be part of the cuticle

meristematic cells

undifferentiated; grow in meristems

parenchyma cell

totipotent; can revert back to meristem; contains primary cell wall

collenchyme cells

mostly differentiated; contains secondary cell wall; main function is support

sclerenchyma cells

full differentiated; non-growth areas; create xylem

lignin

tubes water flows through

upper epidermis of leaf

waxy cuticle and stomata; may have tricombs for defense

pallisade mesophyll in leaf

contains parenchyma cells; main site of


photosynthesis;

spongy mesophyll

main purpose is water movement; allow water to move through stomata

cork

bark

cork cambium

produces cork cells

secondary phloem

responsible for transportation of materials

vascular cambium

create xylem and phloem cells towards outside

secondary xylem

active in water transport

sapwood

recently dead; moves water

heartwood

oldest wood; contains resin and toxins that can be used to kill disease through rays; no longer transports water

primary growth

- occurs at apical meristems


- elongation

secondary growth

- increases diameter


- lateral meristems


- phloem layers never get thicker

flowers

attract pollinators


protect gametes


promote seed dispersal

sepal

photosynthesizing leaf-life structure that


encloses developing bud

petals

scented leaves inside sepals that attract pollinators; may contain nectary

corolla

nectary and petals

stamen

produces male gametophyte (pollen); filament and anther

carpel

produces female gametophyte

seed

plant embryo, endosperm, and seed coat

fruit

develops from ovary; protects seed and aids in dispersal

animal common traits

1. heterotrophic lifestyle


2. cell membrane only


3. glycogen for carb. storage


4. neurotransmitter tissue


5. no alteration of genes

extracellular matrix

compound produced/exuded from cell for some function

germ layers

areas of creation


w/o germ layers cells remain totipotent

diploblastic

two germ layers


endoderm: digestive tract


ectoderm: skin/nervous system

triploblastic

three germ layers


ectoderm/endoderm


mesoderm: muscle, bones, and organ systems

acoelomate

no body cavity

pseudocoelomate

body cavity without mesodermal lining; no


protection from rubbing; organs must be bathed in bodily fluid

eucoelomate

body cavity surrounded by mesodermal lining; protection from rubbing; vascularized

protostome

mouth forms from blastopore

deuterostome

blastopore becomes anus

prorifera

1.assymetric


2. no germ layers


3. sponges

cnidaria

1. diploblastic


2. radial symmetry


3. cnidocyte cells with nematocysts

lophotrochozoans

1. triploblastic


2. bilateral symmetry


3. protostomes


4. grow by adding segments to body

PLATYHELMINTHES

1. lophotrochozoan


2. flatworms


3. triploblastic


4. protostomes


5. bilateral symmetry


6. flat body maximizes SA

Annelida

1. lophotrochozoan


2. triploblastic


3. bilateral symmetry


4. protostomes


5. eucoelomates


6. independence of body parts

Mollusca

1. snails, clams, squids, etc.


2. lophotrochozoans


3. triploblastic


4. protostomes


5. eucoelomates


6. bilateral symmetry

ecdysozoan

1. triploblastic


2. bilateral symmetry


3. protostomes


4. growth by shedding outer layer

nematoda

1. ecdysozoans


2. pseudocoelomates


3. triplo.


4. bilateral


5. protostomes


6. most abundant on earth


7. roundworms


8. extremophiles

arthropods

1. ecdysozoans


2. triplo


3. bilateral


4. protostomes


5. exoskeleton


6. eucoelomates


7. compound eye/trachea system

echinodermata

1. deuterostome


2. triplo


3. bilateral


4. eucoelomates


5. closest related to chordates


6. spine for protection

chordata

1. deutrostome


2. triplo


3. bilateral


4. eucoelomates


5. mobile


6. more rigid-bodied





4 key chordate characteristics

1. backbone


2. gill slits


3. central nerve cord


4. tail

6 major vertebrate classes

1. cartilaginous fish


2. bony fish


3. amphibians


4. reptiles


5. birds


6. mammals

generalist vs. specialist

generalist has lots of opportunities but


vulnerable if prey evolves; specialist is very good @ eating specific food but screwed if something happens to it

quality vs. quantity of offspring

lots of energy into few offspring or less energy into more offspring

endothermy vs. ectothermy

endotherm: create own body heat


ectotherm: heat reflective of environment



SA:volume

bigger body: can't efficiently get rid of heat


smaller body: can't efficiently keep heat

Bergman's Law

species further away from the equator will have larger bodies

Allen's rule

individuals who live closer to the equator will have more slender appendages; individuals who live further from the equator will have thicker appendages