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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a cell?
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fundamental unit of life
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What property do all organisms share?
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every organism consists of cells or is itself a cell
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What is the cell theory?
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1. All organisms consist of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms (Schwann and Schleiden) 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. (Virchow) |
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What do cells have?
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- enormous diversity in form, function, and size
- similar basic chemistry |
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How do all cells have similar basic chemistry?
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- similar chemical composition
- metabolism - use of ATP as cellular energy currency - use of DNA for genetic information |
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What does 1um equal in metres?
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10-6 m
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What does 1nm equal in metres?
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10-9 m
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What does 1 A equal in metres?
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10-10m
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What is the size of a typical prokaryote?
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1-5 um
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What is the size of a typical eukaryote?
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10-30 um
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Why are cells small?
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SA:V ratios
rates of diffusion synthetic capacity |
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What is the prokaryote solution to size?
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stay small
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What is the simple structure of prokaryote cells?
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- cell wall
- plasma membrane - cytoplasm that lacks organelles - ribosomes - nucleoid - flagellum |
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What is the eukaryote solution to size?
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compartmentalization of cellular functions
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What do cyanobacteria possess?
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photosynthetic membranes
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What are the major structural features of eukaryotic cells?
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- plasma membrane
- membrane-bound nucleus - membrane-bound organelles - cytosol |
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What are the non-membrane bound organelles?
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- cytoskeleton
- ribosomes |
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What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
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- support/shape
- internal organization - movement of cell - movement within cell |
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What are the components of the cytoskeleton?
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- microfilaments
- microtubules - intermediate filaments |
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What are the function of ribosomes?
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protein synthesis
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What are the membrane bound organelles?
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- nucleus
- ER - Golgi Complex - Vesicles - Lysosomes, Peroxisomes - Vacuole - Mitochondrion - Chloroplast |
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What are the parts of the nucleus?
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- nuclear envelope
- nuclear pores - nucleolus - DNA and protein organized into chromatin |
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What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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tubular membranes and cisternae
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What is the function of the rough ER?
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- produces ribsosomes for membrane protein
- secretes them in protein synthesis |
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What is the function of the smooth ER?
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- lipid and steroid synthesis
- detoxification |
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What is the Golgi Complex?
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stack of flattened vesicles
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What is the function of the Golgi Complex?
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sorting, modification, and packaging of proteins
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What are the function of vesicles?
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transport among organelles and/or to plasma membrane
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What do lysosomes and peroxisomes contain?
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hydrolases and catalases
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What is the function of vacuole?
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- temporary storage
- turgor pressure |
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What is the size of mitochondrion?
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2 um
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What are the characteristics of mitochondrion?
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- double membrane, cisternae
- oxidative metabolism yielding ATP - circular mDNA |
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How do mitochondrion reproduce?
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by fission
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What is the size of a chloroplast?
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~ 5 um
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What are the characteristics of chloroplasts?
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- double membrane + thylakoids
- circular cpDNA |
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What is the function of chloroplasts?
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photosynthesis
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How do chloroplasts reproduce?
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by fission
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What is the endosymbiont theory?
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- mitochondria from incorporation of aerobic prokaryotes
- chloroplasts from incorporation of cyanobacteria Original prokaryotic cell --> aerobic bacteria become mitochondria --> photosynthetic bacteria become chloroplasts --> eukaryotic cells |
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What is the support for the endosymbiont theory?
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- size
- circular DNA - ribosomes - fission |
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What is cell chemistry?
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carbon chemistry
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What does carbon form?
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backbone of essentially all molecules of importance to the cell
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How many valence electrons does carbon have?
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4
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What kind of bond does carbon form?
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stable bonds
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What is the bond energy of carbon single covalent bonds?
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70-100 kcal/mol
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What is visible light?
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400-700 nm
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What is the energy of visible light?
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40-70 kcal/mol photons
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What types of of carbon chains are possible?
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- linear
- branches - cyclic |
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What are commonly present in functional in carbon chains?
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functional groups
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What is the -OH ?
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hydroxyl group
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What are the properties of a hydroxyl group?
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neutral, polar
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What is the -C=O ?
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carbonyl group
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What are the properties of a carbonyl group?
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neutral, polar
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What is the -SH ?
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sulfhydryl group
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What are the properties of a sulfhydryl group?
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neutral, polar
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What is the -COOH ?
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carboxyl group
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What are the properties of a carboxyl group?
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negative charge at cellular pH
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What is the -PO32- ?
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phosphate group
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What are the properties of a phosphate group?
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negative charge at cellular pH
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What is the -NH2 ?
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amino group
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What are the properties of an amino group?
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positive charge at cellular pH
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What is cell chemistry based on?
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water
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What percentage of the cell is water?
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75-85%
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What is water responsible for within a cell?
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- polarity
- formation of hydrogen bonds |
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What is the bond energy of water?
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1-4 kcal/mol
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What are the properties of water as a solvent?
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- hydrophilic
- hydrophobic |
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What properties occur as a result of water being hydrophilic?
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- polar molecules
- ions |
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What properties occur as a result of water being hydrophobic?
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non-polar molecules
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What is the hierarchy of cell chemistry?
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inorganic precursors --> small organic molecules --> macromolecules -->supramolecular structures -->organelles/structures --> cells
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What are macromolecules?
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- carbohydrates
- monosaccharides - polysaccharides - nucleic acids - proteins - lipids |
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What are carbohydrates?
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polymers of monosaccharides
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What are carbohyrdrates used for?
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- energy storage (glycogen)
- structural (cellulose, chitin) |
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What is the chemical formula of monosaccharides?
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CnH2nOn
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What are the n values for monosaccharides?
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n = 3-7
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What are the names for types of monosaccharides?
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- trioses
- pentoses - hexoses |
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What are the types of monosaccharide configurations?
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- linear
- ring |
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Which monosaccharide configuration of more stable?
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ring
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What is the relationship between carbons and isomers?
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the more carbons, the more possible isomers
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What does hydroxyl group placement determine?
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chemical composition
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What type of bond do polysaccharides have?
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glycosidic
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Where do the bonds occur in polysacchardies?
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on C1 to C4
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What are nucleic acids?
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polymers of nucleotides
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What is the purpose of nucleic acids?
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informational
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What is DNA?
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genetic material of cell
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What is the purpose of RNA?
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- protein synthesis occurs here
- lines up amino acids for protein synthesis |
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What is the composition of a nucleotides?
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5 carbon sugar
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What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
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- purines
- pyrmidines |
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What are the purines?
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- adenine
- guanine |
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What are the pyrmidines?
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- cytosine
- thymine - uracil |
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What are the purine/pyrmidine pairs?
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- adenine + thymine
- guanine + cytosine - Adenine + uracil (in RNA) |
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What is the composition of a nucleoside?
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sugar + base
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How many phosphate groups are in a nucleotide?
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up to 3 phosphate groups
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What are the sugar + base combinations of nucleosides?
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- adenine + adenosine or deoxyadenosine
- guanine + guanosine or deoxyguanosine - cytosine + cytidine or deoxycytidine - thymine + deoxythymidine - uracil + uridine |
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What is a polymer?
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a string of repeated units
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What is a polysaccharide?
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string of repeated glucose units
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What are proteins?
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polymers of amino acids
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What type of macromolecules are proteins?
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informational
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What are the functions of proteins?
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- enzymes
- structural - motility - transport - regulatory - receptors - defensive |
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How many amino acids are there?
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~20
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What is the alpha carbon in an amino acid?
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the central carbon
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What are the components of amino acids?
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- carboxyl group
- amino group - H atom - side chain (R group) |
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What determines the properties of an amino acid?
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the side chain (R group)
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What are the potential properties of amino acids?
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- nonpolar
- polar, uncharged - polar, acidic, negative charge - polar, basic, positive charge |
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What types of bonds are in polypeptides?
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peptide bonds
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How many amino acid residues are in a polypeptide?
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average of 400-500
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How are polypeptides turned into proteins?
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one or more polypeptides folded into native conformation
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What is a monomeric polypeptide?
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single polypeptide
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What is polypeptide conformation dependent on?
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covalent and non-covalent interactions in backbone and/or R groups
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What are the levels of structure in protein?
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- primary
- secondary - tertiary - quaternary |
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What is the primary structure of proteins?
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amino acid sequence
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How many n possibilities are there in the primary structure of proteins?
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20
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What is the secondary structure of proteins?
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hydrogen bonding in backbone
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What is the tertiary structure of proteins?
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overall shape or conformation
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What type of interactions occurs between R groups in the tertiary structure of proteins?
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- disulphide bridge
- hydrogen bonds - ionic bonds - hydrophobic interactions - van der Waals interactions |
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What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
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- interactions of subunits to form multimeric proteins
- multiprotein complexes |
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What characterizes lipids?
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being insoluble in water
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What are lipids soluble in?
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non-polar solvents
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What are the functions of lipids?
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- energy storage
- membrane structure - signaling roles (cell-to-cell communication) |
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What are fatty acids?
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hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl group
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How many carbons are in fatty acids?
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14-22
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What does amphipathic means?
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to have areas that are hydrophobic and areas that are hydrophilic
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What are saturated fatty acids?
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- carbons connected by single bonds
- results in straight chain |
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What are unsaturated fatty acids?
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- carbons connected by double bonds
- resulted in kinked chain |
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What is the composition of triglycerides?
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glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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What type of bonds are in triglycerides?
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ester bonds
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How is energy stored in triglycerides?
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adipocytes
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What is fat typically used for?
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energy storage in animal cells
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Is fat saturated or unsaturated?
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saturated
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What is oil typically used for?
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energy storage in plants
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Is oil saturated or unsaturated?
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unsaturated
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What are phospholipids?
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a structural component membranes
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How are phosphoglycerides named?
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according to R group
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What are phosphoglycerides?
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basis of phospholipid bilayer
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What are phosphoglycerides composed of?
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- 2 fatty acids linked to a glycerol
- 1 carbon linked to phosphate binded to hydrophilic R group |
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What are the most common R groups in phosphoglycerides?
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- serine
- choline - inositol |
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What are steroids?
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derivatives of 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
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In what type of cells do you find steroids?
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eukaryotic cells
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Where are sterols found?
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only in environments away from water
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What are the functions of sterols?
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- structural
- signaling |
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How are steroids synthesized?
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from cholesterol
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What are the types of steroids?
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- cholesterol
- phytosteorls |
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Where is cholesterol found?
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animals
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Where is phytosterol found?
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plants
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