Bio 114 Final

Front 1

estuary

Back 1

saltwater from ocean + freshwater from land

protected embayment

Front 2

brackish water

Back 2

varying salinity

Front 3

coastal salt marshes occur in the ______ _______ of estuaries

Back 3

upper margins

Front 4

How much of California is covered in salt marshes?

Back 4

Very little

Front 5

What area has the most salt marsh area?

Back 5

San Francisco bay area

Front 6

Periodic inundation

Back 6

when plants are regularly exposed at low tide and variably submerged during high tide

Front 7

halophytic

Back 7

salt tolerant

Front 8

How are coastal marsh plants spread?

Back 8

rhizomes and/or stolons

Front 9

There is a strong _______ in salt marshes

Back 9

zonation

Front 10

Salt marsh soils are ________.

Back 10

anaerobic

Front 11

____________ tissue in stems allow marsh plants to obtain oxygen

Back 11

Aerenchyma

Front 12

Salt accumulators

Back 12

Usually succulent

Store salt and absorb water

Front 13

Salt excreters

Back 13

Exude salty water droplets onto leaves

Front 14

Plant diversity in order from highest to lowest:

Back 14

1. Angiosperms

2. Mosses

3. Ferns

4. Other

5. Gymnosperms

Front 15

How much of plant diversity do angiosperms make up?

Back 15

88%

220,000

Front 16

How much of plant diversity do mosses make up?

Back 16

7%

16,600

Front 17

How much of plant diversity do ferns make up?

Back 17

4%

10,000

Front 18

How much of plant diversity do gymnosperms make up?

Back 18

0.25%

529

Front 19

What are the four phylum of gymnosperms?

Back 19

Cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers

Front 20

Cycads

Back 20

11 genera (300 species)

endangered

dioecious

large cones

Front 21

Conifers

Back 21

68 genera, 630 living species

Front 22

How many genera and species of the Pine family exist?

Back 22

11 genera, 232 species

Front 23

How many genera and species of the Pine family exist in California?

Back 23

5 genera, 33 species

Front 24

Are pines monoecious or dioecious?

Back 24

monoecious

Front 25

Coastal Redwood

Back 25

Sequoia sempervirens

Front 26

Giant Sequoia

Back 26

Sequoiadendron giganteum

Front 27

How many species of oaks are there?

Back 27

500

Front 28

How many Quercus taxa does California have?

Back 28

34

Front 29

How many species of native oaks are in California?

Back 29

21

Front 30

How much of California do oak woodlands cover?

Back 30

10%

Front 31

Savanna wodolands

Back 31

grassland understory, shrubs absent

Front 32

closed canopy woodlands

Back 32

sparse understory and shade-tolerant species

Front 33

Name three problems that have affected valley oak growth and distribution:

Back 33

1. Climate change

2. Grazers eat acorns and seedlings

3. Competition with non-native grasses

Front 34

Chaparral communities cover what percent of California?

Back 34

9%

Front 35

Chaparral scrubs have hard, dense leaves called ____________.

Back 35

sclerophylls

Front 36

Some plants have underground fire-resistant structures called __________

Back 36

lignotubers

Front 37

Grasslands originally covered ____% of California

Back 37

13

Front 38

What 2 types of plants make up most of grasslands?

Back 38

Grasses and forbs

Front 39

Pre-colonial grasslands in California were dominated by

Back 39

perennial bunch grasses

Front 40

Grassland invasion is caused by what 4 things?

Back 40

1. Competition with non-native, invasive grasses

2. Urban development

3. Agriculture

4. Grazing

Front 41

Parts of a flower (from outside in)

Back 41

sepals, petals, stamen, carpel

Front 42

superior ovary

Back 42

ovary-sepals-stem

Front 43

inferior ovary

Back 43

sepals-ovary-stem

Front 44

pericarp

Back 44

mature ovary wall

Front 45

simple fruit

Back 45

develop from a single flower with one or fused carpels

Front 46

aggregate fruits

Back 46

develops from single flower with many separate carpels

Front 47

multiple fruits

Back 47

develop from many flowers with many carpels

Front 48

How many Ficus species?

Back 48

750-900

Front 49

The Bodhi Tree

Back 49

Ficus religiosa

Front 50

Common Fig

Back 50

Ficus carica

Front 51

Ficus leaves are ______ and _______.

Back 51

Evergreen and entire

Front 52

What liquid is inside ficus leaves?

Back 52

Latex, white or yellowish

Front 53

A hollow stem is called a

Back 53

syconium

Front 54

The hole at the end of a syconium is called an

Back 54

ostiole

Front 55

How do fig wasps pollinate fig trees?

Back 55

The female wasp climbs into the syconium through the ostiole, pollinates the flower, lays her eggs, and then dies. Males mate with female wasps who have just hatched and then chew the ostiole open so the females can escape. Females then transfer pollen to other plants and repeat the process.

Front 56

Sporophyte

Back 56

produces spores

Front 57

Gametophyte

Back 57

produces gametes

Front 58

Describe the life cycle of ferns

Back 58

Sori from a frond with mature sporophytes contains sporangia, which contain spores, germinate into gametophytes. Within the gametophytes are archegonia (which produce eggs) and antheridia (which produce sperm), and then fertilization occurs, producing a zygote. The zygote matures into a fern plant and the process repeats.