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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the basic structural unit of life
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The Cell
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The membrane is made primarily of
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Phospholipids
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Passive membrane transport is called
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Osmosis
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In passive transport the pressure gradient pushes solute containing fluid from
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a high-pressure area to a lower-pressure area
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Active transport uses what type of energy
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ATP
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vesicular transport
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use small vessels to move things in and out of the cell
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membrane potential
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is the voltage across a membrance
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what stores atp
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mitochondria
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lysosomes
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contain proteins and enzymes that breakdown toxins, viruses, and dead tissues
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endoplasmic reticulum
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rough part makes proteins/ have ribosomes
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golgi aparatus
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sorts packages of proteins made
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ribosomes
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where proteins are made
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cytoskeleton
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cell structure/ skeleton of the cell
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centrioles
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pinwheel array of microtubules, form bases of cilia and flagella
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in DNA replication A pairs with
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C
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In DNA replication T pairs with
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G
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cardiac muscle
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myocardium
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which side of the heart has thicker myocardium
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left
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p wave
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atria before they contract
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QRS wave
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after contraction of ventricles
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T wave
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repolarization
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systole
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contraction
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diastole
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relaxing
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disassembly line
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GI tract
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closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing
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soft palette
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tongue is made of what type of epithelium?
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stratified squamis
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functions of the tongue
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mixing saliva with food, initiating swallowing, speech, and taste sensors
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salivary glands degrade
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starch
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extrinsic glands
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parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
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intrinsic glands
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keep the mouth moist
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abdominal cavity is lined with
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visceral peritoneum (inner)
parietal peritoneum (outer) mesentery (double layer of peritoneum) |
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chemical breakdown of proteins begins in the
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stomach
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Where is the oral cavity?
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#1
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Where is the tongue
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#2
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Where is the Parotid Gland?
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#3
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Where is the Sublingual Gland?
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#4
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Where is the Submandibular Gland?
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#5
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Where is the Pharynx?
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#6
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Where is the Stomach?
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#7
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Where is the Pancreas?
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#8
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Where is the Spleen?
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#9
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Where is the Transverse Colon?
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#10
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Where is the Descending Colon?
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#11
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Where is the Ascending Colon?
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#12
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Where is the Cecum?
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#13
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Where is the Sigmoid Colon?
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#14
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Where is the Appendix?
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#16
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Where is the Anal Canal?
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#17
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Where is the Anus?
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#18
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Where is the Ileum?
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#19
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Where is the Duodenum?
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#21
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Where is the Gallbladder?
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#22
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Where is the Liver?
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#23
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Where is the Esophagus?
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#24
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Where is the fudus of the stomach
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#1
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Where is the Body of the Stomach?
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#2
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Where is the Pyloric Region of the Stomach?
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#3
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What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
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left
right quadrate caudate (near coccyx) |
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Liver functions?
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bile production
processes nutrients storage of fat soluble vitamins clotting proteins detoxification |
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liver cells are called?
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hepatocytes
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Function of bile?
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to emulsify fats
fat and cholesterol absorption |
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Chief bile pigment?
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bilirubin
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gallbladder function
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stores and releases bile
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pancreatic juice
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amylase and lipase ( alcalyne substance)
neutralizes acidic chyme in the intestine |
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virtually all nutrient absorption takes place in the
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small intestine
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fats are digested in the
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small intestine
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large intestine is necessary for life, true or false
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false
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The three functions of the larynx are:
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airway
Routes air and food into the proper channels voice production |
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What are the tissues of the larynx
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thyroid cartilage
crocoid cartilage |
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Epiglottis is made of what?
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Elastic cartilage
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how do vocal ligaments produce sound?
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air coming up vibrates to produce sound
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The trachea is made of
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ciliated epithelium
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The bronchi subdivide into what?
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Smaller bronchi and then bronchioles
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How does the bronchial tree change?
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cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases, and mucus producing cells decrease.
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Gas is exchanged in the
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alveoli
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The lungs are surrounded by a double layered membrane. What are they?
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Partietal Pleura and visceral pleura
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The parietal pleura covers
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the thoracic wall and superior diaphragm
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The visceral pleura covers
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the lung surface
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During INSPIRATION the diaphragm does what and the rib cage does what?
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diaphragm contracts and rib cage rises
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During EXPIRATION the diaphragm does what and the rib cage does what?
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the diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage descends
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Surfactant helps the alveoli how?
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it reduces surface tension and keeps the alveoli from collapsing
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What is the characteristic of OBSTRUCTIVE pulmonary disease?
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increased airway resistance
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What is the problem with RESTRICTIVE disorders in the lungs?
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reduction in lung compliance
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The endocrine systems's major function is to
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maintain homeostasis/ balance through hormones
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Hormones are
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chemical substances secreted by cells
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Hormones are classified as either
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amino acid or steroid based
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Hormones only affect cells with right target cells which are
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cells which have specific receptors to which the hormone binds
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There are three types of endocrine gland stimuli;
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Humoral
Neural and Hormonal |
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Humoral Stimuli
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respond to changing blood levels
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Neural Stimuli
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respond to nerve fibers
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Hormonal Stimuli
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in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs
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The Pituitary Glad has two lobes, the
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Neurohypophysis and the Adenohypophesis
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The Neurohypophysis stores and releases
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Oxytocin and ADH synthsized by the hypothalamus
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The Adenohypophysis secretes
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GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and PRL
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Growth hormone
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bone and skeletal muscle growth
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
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developement and activity of the thyroid gland
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ACTH
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stimulates the adreno cortex
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FSH and LH
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regulate the function of the ovaries and testes
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Prolactin
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stimulates milk production
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ADH
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water balance, decreases urine formation
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Oxytocin
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stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus
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Thyroid produces thyroid hormone and
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calcitonin
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Thyroid hormone
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increases metabolism
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Calcitonin
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lowers blood calcium levels
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The Parathyroid gland secretes PTH which
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increases calcium in the blood by breaking down bone
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The adrenal glands are located
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on top of the kidneys
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The medulla or middle section of the adrenal glands acts as
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part of the sns
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The cortex is made up of three layers in order from outer to inner they are the
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zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata zona reticularis |
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The Zona Glomerulosa produces
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aldosterone which helps regulate sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
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The Zona Fasciculata produces
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cortisol which helps resist stress
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The Zona Reticularis produces
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androgens which are sex hormones
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The Adrenal Medulla releases
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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The pancrease's endocrine cells produce
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Insuline and glucagon
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Insulin does what?
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Lowers the blood glucose level
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Glucagon does what?
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Causes glucose to increase
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Diabetes Type I
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the body doesn't make insulin
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Diabetes Type II
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the body becomes resistant to insulin
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Gonads produce
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Estrogen and Testosterone
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The Pineal Gland secretes
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melatonin
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The Thymus in the sternum
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produces hormones involved in T lymphocyte maturation
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The main function of the kidney is to
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help regulate the chemical makeup of blood
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The kidney produces renin which
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helps regulate blood pressure
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The kidney produces erythropoietin which
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increases blood pressure
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Where is the Renal Capsule?
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#1
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Where is the Renal Cortex?
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#2
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Where is the Renal Medulla?
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#3
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Where is the Renal Pelvis?
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#4
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Where is the Minor Calyx?
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#5
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Where is the major calyx?
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#6
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Where is the Renal Papilla?
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#7
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Where is the Renal Column?
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#8
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What are blood processing units that form urine?
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Nephrons
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afferent
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in the gomerulus
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efferent
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away from the glomerulus
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after the filtrate leaves the renal corpuscle it travels via the
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proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of henle
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from the loop of henle the filtrate enters the
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distal convoluted tubule
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from the distal convoluted tubule the filtrate enters
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the collecting ducts and moves on to the minor and major calyxes
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filtrate is
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plasma - proteins
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what in the filtrate can be reabsorbed into the peritubular capilaries?
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Electrolytes and glucose
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when contents are returned to the blood from the tubule it is called what?
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Tubular reabsorption
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what is the concentration of a solution called?
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osmolatlity
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The fluids in the body should remain around
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300 mOsm
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What does ADH signal the kidneys to make?
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concentrated urine by allowing the collecting duct to become permeable to water for re absorption.
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What are the tubes that convey urine to the bladder?
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Ureters
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The ureters are made what type of epithelium?
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transitional
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the bladder is made of what type of epithelium??
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transitional
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gonads produce
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sex cells
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What is #1
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Vas Deferens
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What is #2
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Prostate Gland
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What is #4
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Epididymus
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What is #5
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Seminal Vessicle
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What is #6
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The Ejaculatory Duct
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What is #7
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The Cowper's Gland
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The scrotum contains
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Paired testicles
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Sperm Matures in the
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Epididymis
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the vas deferens transports sperm
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from the epididymis to the seminal vesicle
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the ejaculatory duct is formed where
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the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle meet
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the prostate gland secretes fluid that
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activates sperm
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the cowper's gland serves what function
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secretes a fluid that cleans the urethra to neutralize any acidity from urine
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corpus spongiosum
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surrounds the urethra to keep it from collapsing
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corpora cavernosa
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paired dorsal erectile bodies
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meiosis is the process of
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forming sex cells
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how many chromosomes make up a zygote?
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46 chromosomes
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Which (older or younger) follicles produce hormones
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older
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what is an immature egg called
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an oocyte
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ejection of the oocyte is called
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ovultion
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a ruptured follicle after ovulation is called
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corpus luteum
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what receives the ovulated oocyte?
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the fallopian tube
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What is the innermost layer in the uterine wall?
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The endometrium which his shed during menstruation
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What is the narrow neck b/w the uterus and the vagina?
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the cervix
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estrogen production is on days
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1-14
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ovulation is trigger by a surge of
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LH
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Ovulation usually occurs on
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day 14
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Days 14-28 the corpus luteum secretes
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estrogen and progesterone
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1-5 of menstruation
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the deepest part of the endometrium is shed
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days 6-14 estrogen triggers
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the endometrium to rebuild
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days 15-28 the endometrium prepares for
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the embryo implantation
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if no fertilization occurs what drops causing the endometrial cells to die?
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Progesterone
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There are two lines of immune defense. They are
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Innate and Adaptive
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The first line of defense is non specific and involves
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skin, mucosa, and inflamation
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The second line of defense is specific and involves
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attack against a specific invader
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Inflamation is triggered whenever body tissues are injured. Inflamation
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prevents the spread of damaging agents and disposes of debris and pathogens
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the four signs of accute inflamation are
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redness, heat, swelling, and pain
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the inflamatory fluid is called
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edema
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edema mobilizes
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WBC
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edema helps to dilute harmful substances as well as
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brings oxygen and nutrients for repair
brings clotting proteins preventing the spread of bacteria |
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adaptive recognizes
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specific foreign substances and has memory
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B lymphocytes produces antibodies as a part of what immunity?
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Humoral
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humoral is most effective against
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bacteria, toxins, and viruses
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Cell Mediated Immunity uses T-Lymphocytes against
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cancer and virally infected cells
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two types of t lymphocytes
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cd4 and cd8
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which cell is the activator cell
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cd4
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cd8 or t cells are the only cells that can
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directly attack and kill other cells
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aids cripples the immune system by destroying
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cd4 activator cells
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immediate sensitivity is mediated by
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antibodies
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delayed hypersensitivity is mediated by
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cells
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auto immune is the bodies inability to recognize
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itself from foreign bodies
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lymphatic system returns leaked fluid
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back to the blood
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what is the function of cells in the lymph nodes
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to clean and examine lymph
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secondary lymph organs involved in inspecting
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lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
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the spleen removes
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break down products of RBCs
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the thymus secretes hormones that cause
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T lymphocytes to mature
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What are the main functions of Bones?
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* Support
* Protection * Movement * Mineral Storage * Blood Cell Formation |
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Bones are covered in a dense outer layer called _____ _____?
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Compact Bone
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Which type of bone is filled with red bone marrow?
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Spongy Bone
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Does Spongy bone have osteons?
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No
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What is the basic structure of compact bone called?
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Osteon
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Which vertebrae has a fatter foramen?
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Cervical
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How many sets of ribs are there?
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12
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Where do they articulate?
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Posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
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What Bone is this?
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Scapula
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Which bone is this
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The Femur
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Which bone is this?
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The Patela
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Which bone is on the left?
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The Radius
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Which bone is on the right?
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The Ulna
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Which bone is this?
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The Humerus
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What bone is this?
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Nasal Bone
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What bone is this?
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Fibula
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What bone is this?
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The Tibia
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What bone is this?
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Palatine
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What muscle is this?
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External Oblique
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What muscle is this?
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Internal Oblique
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What muscle is this?
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Rectus Abdominis
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What muscle is this?
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Transverse Abdominis
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What muscle is this and what is its action?
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Brachialis
Flexion |
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Sensory fibers go which direction?
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Ascending
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Motor fibers go which direction
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Descending
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Ascending cross through which 3 neurons?
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Dorsal root ganglion,
Dorsal horn, and then the Thalamus |
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Descending pass through which 2 neurons?
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Primary motor cortex and the ventral horn of the spinal cord
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Paraplegia happens in which areas
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T1-L1
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Quadriplegia is a result of an injury where?
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the Cervical Area
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The autonomic system is
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motor and visceral
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sympathetic ANS mobilizes the body during
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extreme situations
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parasympathetic ANS
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preforms maintenance activities and conserves body energy
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Parasympathetic deals with two hormones
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acetocholine and acetocholine
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Sympathetic deals with two hormones
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acetocholine and norepinephrine
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What is the adrenal medulla stimulated by?
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The sympathetic system
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