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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the main minerals stored in the bones?
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Calcium and Phosphorus
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Where does hematopoiesis occur?
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Within the marrow cavities of bones
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What is hematopoiesis?
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Blood Cell Formation
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Blood cells are formed in Red or Yellow bone marrow?
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Red Bone Marrow
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Where in the bone are Adipose Cells stored?
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In the Yellow Bone Marrow
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What general area is Red Bone Marrow distributed?
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* The Rib Cage
* The Spinal Column * The Pelvis |
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Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones?
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Diaphysis
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The Diaphysis is composed of what and is filled with what type of marrow?
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Compact Bone and Spongy Bone filled with Yellow Bone Marrow
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What are the expanded ends of long bones called?
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Epiphyses
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What type of cartilage covers the ends of long bones?
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage is found in what parts of the bone?
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* Articular (covers the ends of long bones)
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What types of bones do not have an epiphyses or diaphysis?
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Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
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Short, irregular, and flat bones contain which type of bone marrow?
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Red Bone Marrow
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What do the bones markings serve as a function for?
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* Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
* Joint surfaces * Conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
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In inorganic bone, what is the purpose for mineral salts?
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Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression
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What is hydroxyapatite
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Mineral salts contained in bone
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Osteoblasts
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Bone-forming cells/ Bone Deposition
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Osteocytes
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Mature bone cells
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Osteoclasts
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Large cells that resorb or break down bone
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Osteoid
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Unmineralized bone matrix
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An Osteoid is composed of?
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* Proteoglycans
* Glycoproteins * Collagen |
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When bone develops from a fibrous membrane it is called?
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Intramembranous ossification
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When do most of the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles form?
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Intramembranous ossification
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When does intramembranous ossification occur?
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Begins at week 8 of embryo development
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When bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage?
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Endochondral ossification
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When does Endochondral ossification occur?
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Begins in the second month of development
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What is this process?
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Endochondral ossification
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What hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?
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Growth Hormone
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During puberty which hormones stimulate growth spurts and later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth?
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Testosterone and Estrogens
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Deposition and Reabsorption
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Bone Remodeling
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In the early years what is more prevalent bone deposition or reabsorption?
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Deposition
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When is bone reabsorption most prevalent?
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Adulthood and old age
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Accomplished by osteoblasts?
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Bone Deposition
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Bone Resorption is accomplished by?
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Osteoclasts
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Calcium is needed for?
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* Transmission of nerve impulses
* Muscle contraction * Blood coagulation * Secretion by glands and nerve cells *Cell division |
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Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to do what?
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Release calcitonin -> stimulating calcium salt deposit in bone
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Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to do what?
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Release PTH -> signaling osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood
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What is Wolff's Law?
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A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it
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Where are long bones the thickest?
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Midway along the shaft
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Where are curved bones the thickest?
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Where they are likely to buckle
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Bone Fractures are classified by?
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* The position of the bone ends after fracture
* The completeness of the break * The orientation of the bone to the long axis * Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin |
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In a Nondisplaced fracture the bones ends ___.
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The bone ends retain their normal position
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In a Displaced fracture the bone ends are ___.
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out of normal alignment
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In a Complete fracture the bone is ___.
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broken all the way through
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In an Incomplete fracture the bone is ___.
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not broken all the way through
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A Linear fracture is ___.
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parallel to the bone long axis
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A Transverse fracture is ___.
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perpendicular to the bone long axis
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In an Open fracture the bone ends ___.
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penetrate the skin
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In a Closed fracture the bone ends ___.
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do not penetrate the skin
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What connects bones together at joints?
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Ligaments
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Cranium
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protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles
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Which bone is illustrated in Green?
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Parietal
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Which bone is this?
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Temporal
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The optical canals are located in which bone?
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The Sphenoid
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Which bone is this?
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The Sphenoid
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The structure pointing toward the top of the skull on the ethmoid bone is called?
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The Crista Galli
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The structure pointing toward the bottom of the skull on the ethmoid bone is called?
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The Perpendicular plate
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Which bone is this?
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Ethmoid
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Which bone is this?
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The Mandible
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Which bone is this?
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Hyoid
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How many bones compose the Cervical vertebrae?
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7 bones of the neck
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How many bones compose the Thoracic vertebrae?
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12 bones of the torso
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How many bones compose the Lumbar vertebrae?
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5 bones of the lower back
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C1 is called specifically what?
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The Atlas
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C2 is called specifically what?
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The Axis
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What is spinal condition A called?
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A) Scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve)
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What spinal condition is B called?
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Kyphosis (hunchback)
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What is spinal condition C called?
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Lordosis (swayback)
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What is the pedical, laminae, and transverse process grouped together called?
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Vertebral Arch or Neural Arch
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Intervertebral
foramina
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lateral
openings to allow passage of spinal nerves
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Vertebral foramina
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make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes
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What is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas
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The Dens
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Which vertebrae has a rounder foramen?
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Thoracic Vertebrae
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Which vertebrae has the most oval foramen?
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Lumbar
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S1-S5 are fused discs comprising which structure?
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The Sacrum
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What cartilage is connected to the ribs and the sternum?
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Costal Cartilage
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What three parts comprise the sternum?
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* Manubrium
* Body * Xiphoid Process |
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Articulation
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The site where two or more bones meet
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What are the three types of joints?
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* Fibrous
* Cartilaginous * Synovial |
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Where are the weakest parts of the skeleton?
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The joints
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Which joints are jointed by fibrous tissue and have no joint cavity?
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Fibrous
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Which joints are united by cartilage and don't have a joint socket?
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Cartilaginous joints
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Which joints are those in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity?
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Synovial
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Which types of bones have synovial joints?
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Limb joints and most other joints
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Tendons aid in what?
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Stability
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In Adduction which direction is the movement?
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Toward the midline
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Abduction is movement in which direction?
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Away from the midline
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What is this action called?
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Supination
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What is this action called?
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Pronation
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This is called?
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Opposition
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What is A and B called?
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A) Dorsiflexion
B) Plantar flexion |
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What is C called?
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Inversion
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What is D called?
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Eversion
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Circumduction
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What is this called?
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Rotation
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What is this called?
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Rotation
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What is this called?
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External (lateral) rotation
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What is this called?
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Internal (medial) rotation
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What is a sprain?
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When the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
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Partial dislocation of a joint is called ___?
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Subluxation
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