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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Animal |
Multicellular heterotrophs that are diverse in form and habitat, are mostly mobile, reproduce sexually, and have characteristic embryonic development. |
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Parazoa |
Animals that lack definite symmetry and have neither tissues or organs (sponges). |
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Eumetazoa |
Animals with definite symmetry and shape, and have tissues organized into organs and organ systems. |
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Radial Symmetry |
Symmetry with a body that is arranged around a central axis in such a way that any plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into mirror images. |
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Bilateral Symmetry |
Symmetry with a body that has a right and left half that are mirror images of each other. |
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Ectoderm |
The outer body coverings and nervous systems. |
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Endoderm |
The digestive organs and intestines. |
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Mesoderm |
The skeleton and muscle system. |
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Cephalization |
The evolution of a definite head and brain area. |
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Acoelomates |
Organisms with no body cavities. |
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Psuedocoelomates |
Organisms with a false body cavity called a pseudocoel between the mesoderm and endotherm. |
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Coelomates |
Organisms which have a fluid filled body cavity entirely within the mesoderm called a coelon. |
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Blastula |
During embryonic development, bilaterally symmetrical organisms form a ball of cells. |
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Spiral Cleavage |
New cells bud off at an angle oblique to the polar axis (protostones). |
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Radial Cleavage |
New cells divide parallel to and at right angles to the polar axis (deuterostones). |
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Determinate Development |
Each embryonic cell has a predetermined fate concerning what type of tissue it will become (protostones). |
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Indeterminate Development |
Any of the first few embryonic cells develop into the organism (deuterostones). |
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Choanocytes |
Specialized flagellated cells facing the interior cavity of the sponge. |
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Amoebocytes |
Secrete hard mineral needles called spicules. |
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Spicules |
Needles that help strengthen and protect the sponge. |
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Osculum |
A specialized larger pore through which water flows out. |
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Planula |
Free swimming, multicellular ciliated larvae that cnidarians give rise to. |
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Cnidocytes |
Specialized cells on tentacles and tissue of Cnidarians which contain nematocysts. |
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Nematocysts |
Small threadlike tubes with barbed spines on them, used for catching prey. |
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Polyps |
Organisms that are cylindrical, usually attached to a firm, and can be solitary or colonial (anenomies, corals). |
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Medusae |
Organisms that are umbrella-shaped, mostly free floating with tentacles hanging down (jellyfish). |
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Visceral Mass |
The area where the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs are concentrated. |
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Foot |
Muscular organ used for locomotion, attachment, and food capture. (In some cephalopods, it is modified into tentacles). |
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Mantle |
The soft, outermost layer of the body wall that secretes the shell. |
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Gills |
A system of filamentous projections rich in blood vessels that increase surface area for gas exchange. |
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Radula |
A rasping, tongue-like organ used for feeding. |
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Torsion |
A process that occurs during embryonic development in gastropods, where the mantle cavity and anus move to the front of the body where the mouth is located. It is caused by dis-appropriate muscle growth. |
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Siphon |
Bivavles usually have 2, an in-current and ex-current one to bring water into and out of the organism. |
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Spiracle |
Arthropod respiration system through holes in the exoskeleton. |
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Malpighian Tubules |
Projections from the digestive tract that allow secretion that can be eliminated. |
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Cherlica |
Fangs/pincers of arthropods. |
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Book lungs |
Respiratory plates in spiders used for breathing. |
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Pedipalps |
Arthropod part that can be used as pincers or copulatory organs. |
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Tube feet |
Part of the watervascular system extended through the pores in the endoskeleton used for movement and feeding. |
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Madreporite |
Sieve-like plate on the surface through which water enters the watervascular system. |
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Chordates |
Deuterosome coelomates that have a notochord, jointed apendages, and segmentation. |
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Endostyle |
A ciliated groove or pair of grooves in the pharynx of various lower chordates. |
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Tunicate |
Marine choradates, as adults are mostly sessile, with no major cavity or visible segmentation. |
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Lancelets |
Scaleless fishlike marine chordates with a notochord running throughout the entire length of the dorsal nerve chord which they have their entire lives. |
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Swim bladder |
A gas-filled sac that allows them to regulate their buoyancy- which saves energy. |
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Lateral line system |
A series of sensory organs with cilia embedded in them-that project into a canal beneath the surface of the skin. They can detect changes in swim rate, motion, or motionless objects in the water. |
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Operculum |
A hard plate covering the gills. This can open and close, which allows the fish to pump water over its fills while staying still in the water. |
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Amphibian |
Frogs, salamanders, and caephilians. |
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Yolk sac |
Part of an Amniotic egg, which provides food from the yolk to the embryo via blood vessels connecting to the embryo's gut. |
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Amnion |
Part of an Amniotic egg, which encases the developing embryo within a fluid-filled cavity. |
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Allantois |
Part of an Amniotic egg, which surrounds a cavity into which waste products from the embryo are secreted. |
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Chorion |
Part of an Amniotic egg, which is the outermost membrane lying just beneath the porous shell. |
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Endotherm |
Organisms that generate heat internally. |
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Ectotherm |
Organisms that acquire heat externally. |
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Poiklotherm |
Organisms that cannot regulate internal temperatures except for behaviorally. |
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Homeotherm |
Organisms that have constant body temperature. |
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Carapace |
Dorsal part of the shell. |
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Plastron |
Ventral part of the shell. |
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Dermal Denticles |
Toothlike outgrowths on shark skin to reduce drag even further as well as create less sound while swimming. |
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Thermoregulators |
Animals that maintain an internal temperature in a certain range. |
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Osmoregulators |
Animals that maintain a constant solute concentration through water balance and control. |
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Conformer |
Animals that allow their internal condition to conform to external changes. |
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Set point |
A particular value in which homeostasis tries to remain at. |
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Stimulus |
A fluctuation in the variable above or below the set point. |
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Sensor |
Detects the stimulus and triggers a response to regulate the internal condition. |
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Regulated change |
Essential body functions, like having a lower body temperature when sleeping. |
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Acclimatization. |
The process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment, like producing more red blood cells at higher elevation. |
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Pharynx |
Common passageway of the oral and nasal cavities. |
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Esophagus |
Muscular tube that delivers food to the stomach. |
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Stomach |
Organ where preliminary digestion occurs. |
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Small Intestine |
Tubes where enzymes continue the digestive process and the products are absorbed. |
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Large Intestine |
Tubes where the remaining water and minerals are absorbed. |
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Liver |
Organ that produces bile, which breaks down fat. |
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Gall bladder |
Organ that stores bile. |
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Pancreas |
Organ that produces pancreatic juice, which has enzyme and buffers, and insulin. |
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Ulcer |
Excessive amounts of acidic chyme are placed in the duodenum where pancreatic juice cannot neutralize it. |
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Essential Nutrients |
Nutrients that must be ingested because the body cannot manufacture them or make a sufficient amount of them. |
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Hemolymph |
Mixed circulatory fluid with extracellular fluid. |
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Countercurrent heat exchange |
Vessels carrying warm blood from the interior pass next to blood vessels carrying cooler blood from the body's surface. |
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Plasma |
Pale yellow fluid that is 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other (ions, nutrients, etc). |
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Red Blood Cells |
95% of the formed elements. |
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White Blood Cells |
(Leukocytes) Spherical cells that are whitish in color and use blood to get to target issues. |
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Platelet |
Minute fragments of cells produced in marrow by megakaryocytes. |
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Artery |
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
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Capillary |
Thin walls to facilitate diffusion, which branch into networks. |
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Veins |
Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart, with thinner walls and less elastic tissue. |
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Systolic pressure |
Occurs when ventricles contract, forcing blood into the arteries and pressure reaches a maximum. |
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Diastolic pressure |
When the ventricles relax and blood pressure falls to a minimum. |
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Countercurrent flow. |
Blood flows in the opposite direction of water movement. |
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Ram ventilator |
Fish that have to swim to force water over their gills and are called ram ventilators. |
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Tidal volume |
Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath. |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
Amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a resting inspiration. |
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Expiratory Reserve Volume |
Amount of air that can be expired after a resting expiration. |
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Residual Volume |
Volume of air remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximum expiration. |