Bio 111 Exam 3

Front 1

plant cirulatory tissues

Back 1

xylem, phloem, stomata

Front 2

sstomata

Back 2

openings in leaves surrounded by guard cells that can open/close so water can leave (bad!) and carbon dioxide can get to the chloroplasts to make sugars

Front 3

phloem

Back 3

(going down)
i. Remain alive
ii. Transport sugar and water from leaves  roots

Front 4

xylem

Back 4

(giong up)
Vessel elements and tracheids
1. Cells that die when mature, form a tube
2. Transport water from roots  leaves
3. Thickened cell walls

Front 5

closed circulatory system

Back 5

a. Higher pressure in closed faster transport of oxygen
b. Closed: blood remains within a completely closed (unbroken) system of vessels and never comes in direct contact with cells (gets oxygen to cells by diffusion)

Front 6

open circulatory system

Back 6

found in Mollusca and Arthropoda. Contains hemocoel (cavity/series of spaces between the organs) and hemolymph
(circulatory fluid inside hemocoel), which transports nutrients to all parts of the body and removes metabolic waste products

Front 7

Types of photosynthesis

Back 7

CAM, C4, C3

Front 8

C3

Back 8

three reducing reactions. Most plants use C3 photosynthesis—stomata are open during the day. Uses enzyme called “rubisco.” More efficient than C4 and CAM plants under cool and moist conditions and under normal light because requires less “machinery” (fewer enzymes)

Front 9

C4

Back 9

Stomata also open during the day. uses the C3 pathway, but there is spatial separation of carbon dioxide movement into plant cells and fixation of carbon dioxide, which reduces water loss when stomata open. More efficient than C3 when CO2 is limited.

- Spatial separation of CO2 movement into plant cells and fixation of CO2
- More efficient than C3 when CO2 limited
Mesophyll:
• CO2 concentrations low
• CO2 captured by PEP and carried to BSC
Bundle Sheath Cell:
• CO2 concentrated
• CO2 enters Calvin Cycle
* Use C4 over C3 when: photosynthesis is limited by CO2
- High light intensities
- High temperature conditions
- Dry environments

Front 10

CAM

Back 10

- Temporal separation of CO2 movement into plant cells and fixation of CO2
- Excellent @ conserving water (cactus)
Night:
- Stomata open, CO2 fixed as acid and stored
Day:
- Stomata closed, CO2 released from acid and enters Calvin Cycle
- Most common is deserts
- Overall, not very efficient b/c energy to store CO2 in acid

Front 11

Alternation of generations: Plant life history

Back 11

Sporophytes (diploid) and gametophytes (multicellular haploid individual). Spores grow into gametophyte; gametophytes fuse to become sporophyte

Front 12

Types of photosynthetic pigments

Back 12

a. Dinoflagellates: chlorophyll c
b. Brown algae: carotenoids, chlorophyll c
c. Diatoms: carotenoids, chlorophyll c
d. Red algae: chlorophyll a, phycobilins
e. Green plants: chlorophyll b

Front 13

Dinoflagellates: pigment?

Back 13

chlorophyll c

Front 14

Brown Algae: pigment?

Back 14

carotenoids, chlorophyll c

Front 15

Diatoms: pigment?

Back 15

carotenoids, chlorophyll c

Front 16

Red Algae: pigment?

Back 16

chlorophyll a, phycobilins

Front 17

Green plants: pigment?

Back 17

chlorophyll b

Front 18

Cell-mediated response

Back 18

an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but does involve natural killer cells. Attack infected host cells. Carried out by T cells. TH¬ cell binds to dendritic cell displaying antigen from pathogen  activated TH cell. Activated TH¬ cell promotes immune response (undergoes multiplication to form clone of effector T cells; stimulates production of B cells; produces T memory cells; activates TC (cytotoxic) cells, which kill infected cells by lysis. This is more generalized than the humoral response.

Front 19

Humoral immunity

Back 19

refers to a separate system by which antibodies are made to protect the organism in the future if the antigen returns.

Front 20

Colorblindness

Back 20

People may be blind to red-green or yellow-blue (dichromats—lack one cone type) or lack cones so they don’t see color at all (monochromats).

Front 21

HIV

Back 21

virus tricks the vertebrate immune system into attacking Helper T cells. In the initial period right after the attack, plenty of antibodies are produced by B cells that rapidly reduce the concentration of HIV but do not eliminate it. Antibody concentration subsequently remains high. However, because there are few Helper T cells, HIV concentration slowly increases as cellular immunity because increasingly compromised.

Front 22

Plant defense

Back 22

a. Resin: in vacuoles, when eaten, vacuole bursts and lets out resin which kills insect.
b. Physically deter feeding with spines.
c. Reduce digestibility:
Tannins: Form hydrogen-bonds with proteins. Reduce protein digestibility. Slow development time of herbivore. Increase exposure of herbivore to bad conditions and enemies.
d. Make poisons
Toxins: highly variable in structure and function. Ex. alkaloids, cyanide, mustard gas, THC, etc. Interfere with specific metabolic processes.

Front 23

Diversity of third line of defense:

Back 23

millions of T cell and B cell types to cope with diversity of invaders

Front 24

anther

Back 24

The plant structure associated with production of the male gametophyte

Front 25

Endosperm

Back 25

Tissue that provides nutrition to plant embryo that is analogous to yolk in animal eggs

Front 26

Bergmann's Rule

Back 26

Principle that states that the body size of individuals in cold climates tends to be larger than individuals of the same species in warmer climates

Front 27

Type of photosynthesis that is most common in deserts

Back 27

CAM

Front 28

Hemolymph

Back 28

The “blood” of insects that functions to detect invaders

Front 29

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells are....

Back 29

The two lymphocyte cell types that are involved in the cell-mediated process in vertebrates

Front 30

Plasmodesmata

Back 30

????

Front 31

Failures of the immune system

Back 31

Allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency diseases

Front 32

Epitope

Back 32

The part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system

Front 33

Restriction enzyme (endonuclease)

Back 33

Site-specific nuclease that cleaves foreign unmethylated DNA in the cytoplasm

Front 34

Homo Erectus

Back 34

The first species of Homo to migrate out of Africa,
First Homo species to use fire for cooking

Front 35

Neoteny

Back 35

Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult

Front 36

Steroscopic Vision

Back 36

Synapomorphy of primates

Front 37

Modifications to these three groups of bones allowed for bipedal gait

Back 37

Skull, phalanges, pelvis

Front 38

Oxygen in this kind of circulatory system gets to cells by diffusion

Back 38

Closed circulatory system

Front 39

Blood

Back 39

A specialized fluid that delivers nutrients to cells and transports waste products from cells

Front 40

Hemocoel

Back 40

A cavity or series of spaces in between the organs in Mollusca and Arthropoda

Front 41

Systolic Blood Pressure

Back 41

The blood pressure component that refers to the point when ventricles are squeezing

Front 42

Hemocyanin

Back 42

An oxygen-carrying molecule that has copper as its central element and is found in spiders

Front 43

Fovea

Back 43

Center of the visual field

Front 44

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

Back 44

Information from this organ is sent to a part of the olfactory bulb used for pheromonal communication

Front 45

Basilar membrane

Back 45

Membrane in the cochlea that contains hair cells that vibrate with the same frequency as the incoming sound

Front 46

Ca+2

Back 46

Ion that binds to regulatory proteins, initiating exocytosis of neurotransmitters

Front 47

Transduction

Back 47

The conversion of an electrical signal (action potential) into a chemical signal (neurotransmitter)

Front 48

Fick's law

Back 48

Flux= -(permeability of a membrane) (Area) ( concentration gradient)

Front 49

Lungs-

Back 49

respiration organ in most tetrapods, a few fish and snails

Front 50

Hemocoel-

Back 50

cavity of series of spaces btwn the organs in open circulatory systems

Front 51

How is hemolymph circulated in an open circulatory system?

Back 51

- dorsal heart- pulsatile organs
- body movements- normal body motions are usually enough to ciruclate

Front 52

Hemolymph

Back 52

circulatory fluid in open circulatory systems
- does not carry oxygen,
- carries nutrients,
- removes metabolic waste
- hydrostatic functions:
- immune response

Front 53

Hydrostatic Function in open circulatory systems

Back 53

- use fluid pressure to push out non kitenised hydroskelton
- use water pressure to extend out (dragon flies

Front 54

Immune response by fat bodies in open circulatory(?)

Back 54

cells floating in hemocoel fat bodies are the first line of defense)

Front 55

How do insects breathe?

Back 55

- tracheal system: tupes com out forom outside body, branch and brach smaller and
smaller until they branch around every cell.
- spiracles- big openings, close and shut- open tubing system�q

Front 56

Limit of insect size

Back 56

Breathing: ability to get oxygen to entire body

Front 57

hemocyanin

Back 57

copper containing oxygen carrying proteins found in spiders

Front 58

Closed Circulatory Systems

Back 58

Blood:
- remains within a completely closed (unbroken) system of vessels
- never comes in direct contact with the cells

Front 59

how does oxygen get to the cells in closed circulatory system?

Back 59

diffusion from blood

Front 60

Advantages to closed circulatory

Back 60

faster transport of oxygen
- greater efficiency of blood flow
- economy of blood volume
- maintenance of sufficient blood pressure for a large body

Front 61

2 chambers of heart:

Back 61

atrium and ventricle (left and right of each, right goes to lungs, left goes to body)

Front 62

Cardiac Cycle

Back 62

- 1st part artium are heavily musculated. in part b/c of all the muscles around it. it make
high pressure.
- 2nd part is called low pressure, so heart is in between pushing.

Front 63

systolic

Back 63

top number in blood pressure, when the heart muscles contract to pump blood, maximum arterial pressure

Front 64

diastolic

Back 64

minimum arterial pressure, during relaxation of heart between beats when ventricles fill with blood

Front 65

Blood is...

Back 65

- a specialized fluid
- delivers nutrients, oxygen etc. to cells
- transports waste products from cells
- composed of plasma and severeal kinds of cells

Front 66

Types of blood cells

Back 66

- erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- leukocytes (white blood cells)
- thrombocytes (platelets)r

Front 67

Hemoglobin

Back 67

iron- containing oxygen-transport protein in the red blood cells of vertebrates

Front 68

3 organelles in plant cells

Back 68

chloroplasts, vacuoles, cell walls (cell inside rigid container)

Front 69

Vacuole Function in plant cells

Back 69

structural support (hydrostatic pressure), storage, waste disposale)

Front 70

3 types of plant cells

Back 70

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Front 71

Parenchyma

Back 71

plant cells where most of the metabolism occurs, thin-walled often with large vacuoles, in leaves these cells have
chloroplasts (stay alive throughout life of cell)

Front 72

Collenchyma

Back 72

structural plant cell that dies, flexible (string in celery)

Front 73

Xylem

Back 73

vessel that transports water throughout plant,
going up
- vessel elements and tracheids (enlongated cells in the xylem that serve in
transport of water and mineral salts)
- cells that die when mature, form a tube
- transport water from roots to leaves
- thickened cell walls

Front 74

Phloem

Back 74

vessel that conducts nutrients through plant, going down
- phloem cells
- remain alive
- transport sugar and water from leaves to roots (bidirectional)

Front 75

Sclerenchyma

Back 75

structural cells that die, rigid (wood)

Front 76

Plant circulation carried out by...

Back 76

water transport

Front 77

Stomata

Back 77

opening in plant leaves, can open and close, allow gas diffusion by transpiration

Front 78

Transpiration

Back 78

- water loss by plants through stomata
- use lots of water
- transpiration creates negative tension (sucking in the xylem)
- water molecules adhere to each other--> water pulled UP through the trees

Functional significance of transpiration
- replenishes water lost to evaporation
- enables access to soil nutrients
- cooling of plant tissuee body

Front 79

Osmotic potential

Back 79

pulls water from soil through root hairs to xylem

Front 80

Cavitation and xylem wall thickness

Back 80

- hard wall because when you don't have enough water, the tubing system doesn't
collapse
- amount of transpiration then you get loss of hydrostatic pressure, so schlorincema
cells.
- cavitation- the collapse of the cells because of lack of hydrostatic pressure
- transpiration exceeds water supply to roots
- only xylem vessel affected
- xylem vessels remain intact b/c of rigid walls
- xylem has to be hard, so the system can work again after water loss

Front 81

Tree height limited by...

Back 81

water availability to top

Front 82

Photo-autotroph

Back 82

organism that generates organic compounds using CO2 and light

Front 83

Chloroplasts developed...

Back 83

endosymbiotic theory, developed from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)�i

Front 84

Why care about plants?

Back 84

- food
- carbon fixation
- oxygen productions
- temperature modification
- humidity
- soil modification
- major source of biodiversitylarge body

Front 85

Photosynthesis (cyanobacteria, protists, higher plants)

Back 85

- phosphorylation- �light� reactions
- calvin- benson cycle- �dark� reactionss

Front 86

C3 Photosynthesis

Back 86

vast majority of plants use this type

Front 87

epidermis

Back 87

outermost layer of cells of a leaf, water impermeable, have pores that open and close, veins that move sugars.

Adaptations:
- stomata position (top & bottom, or just on the bottom-reduce amount of water loss)
- leaf size (shade leaf vs. sun leaf)
- leaf orientation (flat vs. angled)
- avoidance (when the plant is out, usually only out during a couple months of the year)
- stomata closure - when you stop water form going out, you stop CO2 from coming in

Front 88

Photosynthetic pigments

Back 88

primary: chlorophylls
secondary: carotenoids and phycobilins

Front 89

Plants and green algae have... ("chlorophyta")

Back 89

chlorophyll a and b

Front 90

These use chlorophyll c

Back 90

Dinoflagellates (brown algae), Diatoms, Rhotophyta-red algae

Front 91

alteration of generations

Back 91

????

Front 92

Animal life cycle

Back 92

gametes join to form zygote > cleavage (mitotic division of cells) forms blastula > gastrulation forms adult tissue

zygote>embryo>fetus>adult>produces gametes

Front 93

Plant Adaptations to life on land

Back 93

- waxy cuticle
- surface pores (stomata) that enable gas exchange
- retention of the embryo within the adult
- greater parental investment (heteropsory)
- protected repoructive structure (seed)
- pollen

Front 94

Integument

Back 94

seed coat

Front 95

Parts of a flower

Back 95

1. sepals
a. protect the bud until it opens
2. petals
a. attract insects (just advertisement)
3. stamens
a. make pollen
b. anther(male)pollen grains grow into the anther
i. when grants are fully grown the anther splits open
c. pistil (female)
i. stigma, style, carpel (ovary), ovules (eggs)
4. carpel(ovary)
a. grow into fruits which contain the seeds

Front 96

sepal

Back 96

flower part that protects the bud till it opens

Front 97

petals

Back 97

flower part that attracts insects

Front 98

stamens

Back 98

(male) make pollen at tip called anther (JUST THE TIP)

Front 99

carpel

Back 99

(female) grow into fruits which contain the seeds (ovary)
Pistil: stigma, style, carpel, ovules (egg)

Front 100

Pollination and fertilization

Back 100

Pollen transferred from stamen to stigma(top of pistil), Pollen usually contains two nuclei at the time of dispersal. One of these nuclei divides to form two male gametes by the time the pollen tube reaches the ovary. The pollen tubes carry the male gametes to the egg cells in the ovules where fertilization occurs. At egg, tube bursts and releases two sperm cells
One unites with egg cell
One unites with central cell to produce the endosperm

Front 101

Parts of the seed

Back 101

seed coat, endosperm, embryo

Front 102

Adaptations for seed dispersal

Back 102

pollen, fruit (animals eat), seeds, ability of seeds and pollen to stay dormant for a long time

Front 103

Aneomophilous

Back 103

wind loving pollen. high production, far dispersal, lightweight, less efficient

Front 104

zoophilous

Back 104

animal loving pollen. low production, poor dispersal, larger, sticky

Front 105

ballistic dispersal

Back 105

shooting seeds

Front 106

strategies to avoid self pollination

Back 106

1) Timing: Male and female structures mature at different times
2) Morphological: structure of male and female organs prevents self-pollination (imperfect flower)
3) Biochemical: chemical on surface of pollen and stigma/style that prevent pollen tube germination on the same flower (incompatible)… if too related, female just doesn’t feed pollen tube.

Front 107

Homeostasis

Back 107

enables an organism to live in many habitats (includes blood sugar, blood pH, blood pressure, body temperature)

How maintained?
Regulation- regulate own temp
Conformation - operate at temp of environment

Front 108

Stages to maintaining homeostasis

Back 108

detection > counteraction

Receptor - receives stimuli (detection)
Integrator - processes the information from the stimuli (regulatory center)
Effector - carries out a response to stimuli (counteraction)

Front 109

Mammaliam thermal regulation (2 types)

Back 109

cold: vasocontraction, shivering
hot: vasodilation, sweating

Front 110

vasocontraction

Back 110

constricting of blood vessels so blood flow is limited to minimize heat loss

Front 111

vasodilation

Back 111

widening of blood vessels to reduce TPR

Front 112

Examples of Positive feedback loops

Back 112

Blood clotting
Lactation
Contractions
Suffocation
Quorum sensing in bacteria (causes more inducer to be produced as population grows - glowing!)

Front 113

Examples of negative feedback loops

Back 113

shivering
sweating

Front 114

Heat transfer (4 types)

Back 114

- radiation: heat transfer between objects not in direct contact
- evaporation: removal of heat from the surface as water evaporates (always heat loss)
- convection: transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface (wind)
- conduction: direct transfer of heat between molecules of objects in direct contact

Front 115

Poikilothermic

Back 115

cold blooded

Front 116

Thermoregulation (two types)

Back 116

behavioral or physiological (feedback loops)

Front 117

torpor

Back 117

period of dormancy to save energy where an organisms temperature drops. can be daily or long-term/hibernation

Front 118

endospore (2 meanings)

Back 118

- bacteria: inactive form of bacteria during envrionmental extremes

- plants: innermost wall of a spore or pollen grain

Front 119

spore

Back 119

a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion

Front 120

Methods of behavioral Thermoregulation

Back 120

- migration:animals moving great distances to avoid cold, and find more food
- backing: adjust posture, animals bask to increase body temperature by exposing more
surface area to the sun

Front 121

Methods of physiological thermoregulation

Back 121

- countercurrent exchange: minimize heat loss by running vein and arteries right next to
each other
-shivering, sweating, panting, vasocontraction, vasodilation

Front 122

homeothermic

Back 122

warm blooded

Front 123

ectothermic

Back 123

do not generate heat internally

Front 124

endothermic

Back 124

do generate heat internally

Front 125

Temperature responses over 3 time scales:

Back 125

acute, minutes
chronic, hours/days
evolutionary, geological time

Front 126

eurythermal

Back 126

can function over wide range of temps (eg. goldfish)ts)

Front 127

stenothermal

Back 127

only survive in anarrow tem range (eg arctic fish)h)ts)

Front 128

freeze avoidant

Back 128

migration, hibernation, staying warm

Front 129

freeze tolerant

Back 129

extracellular freezing, up to 70% body water frozen

Front 130

Plant defenses

Back 130

physical spines
toxins
Chemical defense
Tannins (general chemical defense)- many variants
§ Form hydrogen bonds with proteins
§ Reduce protein digestibility
§ Slows development time of herbivore
§ Increase exposure of herbivores to adverse conditions and enemies
§ Attach to proteins + reduce how fast can digest proteins à little nutrient absorbed by thing eating it
§ Cyanide, mustard gas, and other specific chemical defenses – interfere with metabolic processes

Front 131

Induced plant defenses

Back 131

Apoptosis- programmed cell death
Brown spots- A hypersensitive response against a virulent pathogen- Seals off the infection and kills both pathogen and host cells - When being attacked send out salicylic acid signal to up their defense
Recruiting parasitoids- wasps help w/ things eating leaves also below ground (nematodes)

Front 132

Bacteria and Phages
Immune Response

Back 132

Bacteria & phages
Endonucleases, etc. and self recognitionBacterial nucleasesPeriplasmic nucleases- non-specific, clip DNA of virus, degrade foreign nucleic acids in the periplasmRestriction enzymes- site specific; cleave unmethylated DNA in cytoplasmNuclease- type toxins: degrade nucleic acid in foreign cells, eliminating competitorSelf recognition: DNA methylation of own DNA, protection from endonucleases

Front 133

Gene-for-gene interactions and virulence-

Back 133

Pathogen is avirulent if: pathogen has specific Aur gene and pathogen has specific R allele- Matching à binding of Aur ligand and R receptor- Virulent: plant becomes diseased if no match between pathogen Aur gene and plant R allele

Front 134

Innate immunity

Back 134

Coded by a gene

Front 135

Aquired immunity

Back 135

Recognize antigens from immunological memory

Front 136

Phagocytosis

Back 136

injest whole cell

Front 137

Encapsulation

Back 137

surround and kill invadors

Front 138

Humoral Response

Back 138

only activated when attacked
Cells secrete antimicrobial peptides
Melanization: enzymatic cascadeAntimicrobial peptides
Hemolymph (blood): detection of invadors
Turns on genes not active previous to attack
Cytoplasm: signal transduction
Nucleus: activate genes for antimicrobial peptides
Oxidative species....

Front 139

Cellular response

Back 139

innate, just floating around Phagocytosis: Injest whole cell Encapsulation: Surround and kill invadors

Front 140

First Line of defense

Back 140

External: skin, mucous, secretion, hairs
goal: prevent access

Front 141

Second line of defense

Back 141

Internal: phagocytic, antimicrobial, inflammatory, natural killer
goal: recognize and destroy

Front 142

Third line of defense

Back 142

Humoral or cell-mediated
Specific defense mechanisms:
1. Specificity each Tcell and antibody (produced by B cells) recognizes a specific antigenic determinant
2. Diversity millions of Tcell and Bcell types, to cope with diversity of invaders
3. Immunological memory cellular remembrance of past infections poised for next infection
4. Non-self from self recognition: don’t attack yourself (autoimmune disease)

Front 143

Cell-mediated immunity

Back 143

????or cell mediated

Front 144

Humoral immunity

Back 144

????

Front 145

Endocytosis

Back 145

cell's plasma membrane fold in to engulf something

Front 146

antigen

Back 146

a substance that triggers an immune response in the body

Front 147

antibody

Back 147

protein produced by b-cell/lymphocyte that binds to antigens and neutralizes them. marks them for destruction by macrophages.

Front 148

epitope

Back 148

site on surface of an antigen where antibodies attach to

Front 149

lymphocyte

Back 149

Any of various white blood cells, including B cells and T cells, that function in the body's immune system by recognizing and deactivating specific foreign substances called antigens. B cells act by stimulating the production of antibodies. T cells contain receptors on their cell surfaces that are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens. Lymphocytes are found in the lymph nodes and spleen and circulate continuously in the blood and lymph.

Front 150

B cell

Back 150

lymphocyte involved in humoral response. Upon recognizing an antigenic determinant, a B cell develops into a plasma cell which secretes an antibodydies) that inactivate the antigens

Front 151

Helper T cell

Back 151

recognizes antigens and participates in the activation of B cells and other T cells; targets of the HIV-I virus;

Front 152

Cytotoxic T cell

Back 152

A large differentiated T cell that functions in cell-mediated immunity by attacking and lysing target cells that have specific surface antigens

Front 153

Dendritic Cells

Back 153

roams body looking for invadors, A highly specialized white blood cell found in the skin, mucosa, and lymphoid tissues that initiates a primary immune response by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines.

Front 154

memory cells

Back 154

long-lived lymphocyte produced by exposure to antigen. Able to mount a rapid response to subsequent exposures to specific antigen

Front 155

clonal selection

Back 155

exposure to antigen result in the activation of selected T or B-cell clones resulting in an immune response

Front 156

Primary immune response

Back 156

1st response of immune system to antigen, involving recognition by lymphocytes and the production of effector cells and memory cells

Front 157

Secondary immune response

Back 157

rapid/intense response to a subsequent exposure to antigen, initiated by memory cells

Front 158

How does AIDS induce an autoimmune response?

Back 158

????

Front 159

Eye parts

Back 159

- White are: sclera (for human communication)- Pupil: small opening through which light enters- Iris: contracts, controls amount of light in cornea- Lens: focuses light onto retina- Retina: lining of eye containing receptor cells that are sensitive to light- Fovea: center (sharp central vision), contains only cones

Front 160

Eye layers

Back 160

-Photoreceptor
-Bipolar cell layers
- Ganglion Cell

Front 161

Ganglion Cell

Back 161

- light must travel through layers of neurons + blood vessels before it gets to rods + cones
- preprocessing of info prior to signals leaving eye

Front 162

Photoreceptors

Back 162

Rods + cones- Contain photosensitive pigment- All rods single pigment, cones 3 pigment areas (blue, green, red)

Increased sensitivity in dark and visa versa

Front 163

Blind Spot

Back 163

where optic nerve leaves eye

Front 164

Photopigment:

Back 164

- Not evenly distributed- Mainly reds(64%), very few blues (4%)- Insensitive to short wavelengths,- High sensitivity to long wavelengths- Center of retina has no blue

Front 165

Ocelli

Back 165

insect: simple eye doesn’t form image, detects horizon, changes in light intensity

Front 166

Stemmata

Back 166

insect: simple eye used for vision of larvae

Front 167

Compound eye

Back 167

-Two per insect
-Ommatidia are facets that make up eye: connected to nervous system
- Perception of form: Mosaic theory (many small eyes)
- Insects (UV) short wavelengths

Front 168

Sensilla

Back 168

insect hearing: (hair)- mechano receptor that respond during deformation w/ a charge from nerve cell to brain

Front 169

Chemoreception

Back 169

insect taste: - open tip dendrite, bottom of feet + mouth, ovipositor + antennae

Front 170

olfaction

Back 170

sense of smell for insects and vertabrates (vomeronasal organ, glomuleri)

Front 171

hearing

Back 171

vertabrates:
inner, middle, outer ear
Bones: cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cell

Front 172

balance

Back 172

associated with cochlea

Front 173

rods

Back 173

very sensitive to light, provide night vision

Front 174

cones

Back 174

sensitive to color and light, found in fovea, work best in light

Front 175

cochlea

Back 175

part of the inner ear containing fluid that vibrates, causes vibration of
basilar membranets)r

Front 176

basilar membrane

Back 176

membrane in the cochlea which contains receptor cells,
called hair cells

Front 177

cell mediated immunity

Back 177

Cell mediated immunity is the type of response that can allow cells of our immune system (T cells) to recognize which cells in our bodies are virally infected. The T cells seek out these cells, and destroy them, thereby killing the virus contained within them.

Front 178

humoral immunity

Back 178

This refers to a response by certain cells of the immune system (B cells) which have the ability to make what are called antibodies. Antibodies are proteins which float around in the blood and have a particular ability to bind to a foreign protein. Depending on the features of this foreign protein, antibody binding to it will have numerous possible effects.