Bio 111 #3

Front 1

What is the Lymphatic system?

Back 1

The tissues and organs that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. The channels that carry lymph are also part of this system.

Front 2

What are the parts of the Lymphatic system?

Back 2

Vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, several organs

Front 3

What is innate immunity?

Back 3

The immunity that your body is born with. Your body will naturally know how to respond to things. Active immediately upon interaction. It is a non specific response-Ex: Pollen Allergies

Front 4

(Innate Immunity)

What are external and internal defenses?

Back 4

External Barriers: Skin, acidic environment, mucus membranes, hairs, cilia

Internal Defenses: Innate immune cells (WBCs) in blood, interstitial fluid

-Phagocytes (Ex: macrophages-‘big eaters’-surround something and break it apart)

-Lymphocytes (Ex: natural Killer (NK) cells-release chemicals to fight)Interferons Proteins that limit spread of viruses

Front 5

(Innate Immunity)

What are the steps of inflammatory response?

Back 5

1) Damage cells release chemical called histamine

2) Mobilization of Defenses

1) Increase blood plasma

2)Phagocytes attracted

3) Disinfect injured tissues

1)WBCs remove pathogens

2) Pus is dead WBCs

Front 6

What is adaptive immunity?

Back 6

Set of defenses activated after exposure-Specific response to each exposure-Ex: Vaccines

Important Terms:

1) Antigen: Molecule that triggers adaptive immune system Ex: Virus, Bacteria, new blood from Transfusion

2) Antibody: Produced by B cells made by your own body. Helps neutralize the antigen by marking it so the body knows to get rid of it

Front 7

(Adaptive Immunity)

What are lymphocytes we discussed?

Back 7

1) B Lymphocytes (B Cells): Develop in Bone Marrow- Humoral immune response-Can produce antibodies

2) T Lymphocytes (T Cells): Develop in Thymus-Cell mediated immune responses

Front 8

(Adaptive Immunity)

What are the steps to the cell-mediatedimmune response?

Back 8

1) Macrophage engulfs antigen 1

2)Self-nonself complex protein displayed. TCell activates

3) Active T cell divides into T helper and cytotoxic T cell.

4)T helper cells secrete protein to stimulate B cell Division

5)B cell divides into memory cells and effector cells

6)Cytoxic T Cells from a cytoxic T cell antigen 1 complex and destroys the infected cells

Front 9

(Adaptive Immunity)

What are the proteins/enzymes involved?

Back 9

1) In the Humoral Immune SystemB Cells produce Antibodies these antibodies are proteins that can detect/bind to/and neutralize specific foreign antigens

Front 10

What are some cancers we discussed and how does the immune system fight them?

Back 10

1)HPV, Hepatitis B

2) Infect Body cells--->Produce proteins on the surface o the body cell--->Cytotoxic T cells recognize proteins and destroy cell

Front 11

What does HIV do tohuman immune systems?

Back 11

Attacks helper T cells

Depletes cells in the body

Interrupts cell mediated immune system

Front 12

What are vaccines?

Back 12

Stimulates the production of antibodies to provide immunity against one or several diseases

Front 13

What are allergies?

Back 13

Hypersensitive response to harmless antigen

Front 14

What are allergens?

Back 14

Trigger allergic response Ex: Pollen

Front 15

What causes an allergic response?

Back 15

Histamine

Front 16

What are some immune system disorders discussed in class?

Back 16

1) Multiple sclerosis-T cells attack rotective coating around nerves

2) Diabetes- Type 1-Ctotoxic T cell attack insulin producing cells

3) Chrohn's Disease-Effects Digestion

3)SCID-Kid in Yellow

Front 17

What are the functions of nervous systems?

Back 17

1) Sensory Input: Signals from sensory receptors to CNS (Ex: Eye receptors detect color and light)

2)Integration:Analysis of sensory signals, formulation of response, Locations? CNS/Brain and Spinal cord

3) Motor Output: Conduction of Signals to effector cells (perform bodies responses)

Front 18

What are the types of nervous systems?

2 types

Back 18

1) Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and Spinal Cord

2)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves that carry signals into/ out of CNS

Front 19

What are neurons? How do they send signals?

Back 19

1) Neurons are Nerve cells that transmit signals

2) They use electrical impulses through action potential which is movement of ions in or out of cells

Front 20

What is an action potential?

Back 20

Action potential is a part of the electrical impulses that moves ions in or out of cells

Front 21

How do neurons communicate?

Back 21

Neurotransmitters

Front 22

What are neurotransmitters?

Back 22

Carry information across synapse

Front 23

What are some neurotransmitters that we discussed?

Back 23

1) Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

2) Dopamine

3) Serotonin

Front 24

(Neurotransmitters)

What are some other chemicals that can actat synapses and what do they do?

Back 24

1) Caffeine

2) LSD

3)Antidepressants

4) ADHD medication

Front 25

How does meditation help the mind and body?

Back 25

Can treat depression and chronic pain Neuroplasticity Rewires the brain to produce effect on mind/body Affects brain’s functioning an d physical structure Increases focus, reduces anxiety, improves sleepIncreases compassion, decreases emotional burnout If you want to be a person that helps other people you are naturally compassionate-you internalize other peoples problems and experience emotional burnout-

Front 26

What are sensory receptors?

Back 26

Specialized neurons (or other cells) that detect stimuli from inside or outside the body

Front 27

What are the different types of sensory receptors?

(5 types)

Back 27

1) Pain Receptors

1)Respond to excess heat, pressure, and chemicals

2) Thermoreceptors

1) Hot/Cold, depth

3) Mechanoreceptors

Mechanical Energy: Touch, pressure, motion, sound

4) Chemoreceptors

Use nose and taste buds to detect external chemicals

5) Electromagnetic Receptors

Electricity (Platypus) Can detect small amounts of electricity such as small muscle contractions

Magnetism (migratory birds, migratory sea turtles) The earths magnetic field Interesting because they can find their way back to the exact spot they came from Light (wavelengths) photoreceptors Visible light-eyesInfrared light (Ex: snakes detect body heat)

Front 28

What is sensory transduction? How does it work?

Back 28

Converting one type of signal to an electrical signal

Ex: Eye receptor Cells convert photons Ex: Taste buds convert Sugar molecules (chemicals)

Front 29

(Sensory Transduction)

How can your brain interpret different ‘flavors’ in food?

Back 29

Specialized neurons (or other cells) that detect stimuli from inside or outside the bodyEx: Stimuli can be: lights, flavors, sound waves

Trigger action potentials once sensory receptor attacks stimulus

Front 30

(Sensory Transduction)

How can the brain detect low vs. high levels of astimulus?

Back 30

How many receptors pick it up and send it to the brain

Levels of action potentials vary

Front 31

What is scent memory? What are the parts of the brain involved?

Back 31

Signals from nose enter the olfactory bulb

Specific scent can trigger emotional relations and memories

Olfactory bulb near amygdala and hippocampus

Part of the lymbic system of the brain

Front 32

What is asexual reproduction? Sexual?

Back 32

Genetically identical offspring

Only one parent involved

Common with plants

No Gametes

Front 33

What is fertilization?

Back 33

fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

Front 34

What is the difference between internal andexternal fertilization?

Back 34

Internal fertilization happens inside the female reproductive tract. Ex: Mammals, birds, snakes

External Fertilization happens outside of the body. Ex: Frogs, fish, coral, Most aquatic animals

Front 35

Where are sperm cells made? What hormones are involved and how are they controlled?

Back 35

Sperm cells are made in the testes. Androgen hormones are involved and they are controlled in the hypothalamus

Front 36

Where do egg cells develop? What hormones are involved and how are they controlled?

Back 36

1) Uterine tube

2) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) controlled by hypothalamus

Front 37

What happensduring the ovarian cycle? The menstrual cycle?

Back 37

1) Ovarian Cycle: Development and release of egg. Follicle becomes corpus luteum

2) Menstrual Cycle: Changes in Uterine. Endometrium (Uterine lining) sheds.

Front 38

How does a sperm cell fertilize an egg cell?

Back 38

Head of sperm goes into the nucleus of egg cell

Front 39

What do the following terms mean? zygote, gamete, monozygotic

Back 39

1) Zygote: Fertilized egg or a cell that has sperm and egg DNA

2)Gamete: Sex cell. There are 2 types (Sperm,Egg)

Front 40

What do the following terms mean? follicle, corpusluteum?

Back 40

1) Follicle: Surrounds egg/ovary

2) Corpus luteum: Empty shell from follicle