Bio 1080 Chapter 16

Front 1

chromatin

Back 1

a complex of DNA and protein

Front 2

transformation

Back 2

a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA

Front 3

bacteriophages

Back 3

viruses that infect bacteria, composed of only DNA and protein

Front 4

DNA is _________ __________

Back 4

nucleic acid

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Front 5

the building blocks of DNA are _________

Back 5

nucleotides

Front 6

nucleotides

Back 6

composed of 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group (PO4, neg. charge), a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)

Front 7

_____ has directionality

Back 7

DNA

Front 8

the _________ _________ is attached to the 1' (prime) location of the 5-carbon deoxyribose

Back 8

nitrogenous base

Front 9

the _________ __________ is attached to the 5' (prime) carbon of deoxyribose

Back 9

phosphate group

Front 10

a free _________ __________ is attached at the 3' (prime) carbon of deoxyribose

Back 10

hydroxyl group

Front 11

DNA has a ___ end and a ____ end

Back 11

3' , 5'

Front 12

nitrogenous bases

Back 12

thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine

Front 13

phosphodiester bond

Back 13

connects adjacent nucleotides, formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3' ---OH of the next nucleotide

Front 14

the chain of nucleotides has a ________ orientation

Back 14

5'-to-3'

Front 15

Chargaff's Rules

Back 15

amount of adenine = amount of thymine

amount of cytosine = amount of guanine

always have an equal proportion of purines (A &G) and pyrimidines (C & T)

Front 16

double helix

Back 16

consists of 2 sugar-phosphate backbones, and nitrogenous bases toward the interior of the molecule

Front 17

the two strands of nucleotides are ___________ to each other

Back 17

antiparallel

Front 18

antiparallel

Back 18

one nucleotide is oriented 5' to 3', the other 3' to 5', two strands wrap around each other creating the helical shape

Front 19

A forms ____ hydrogen bonds with T

Back 19

two

Front 20

G forms ______ hydrogen bonds with C

Back 20

three

Front 21

semiconservative model DNA replication

Back 21

each strand of DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand

Front 22

DNA replication requires 3 things

Back 22

-something to copy: parental DNA molecule

-something to do the copying: enzymes

-building blocks to make copy: nucleotide triphosphates

Front 23

initiation

Back 23

DNA replication begins at an origin of replication

Front 24

elongation

Back 24

new strands of DNA are synthesized by a DNA polymerase

Front 25

termination

Back 25

replication is terminated differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Front 26

prokaryotic DNA replication

Back 26

chromosome is circular and replication begins at origin of replication proceeding in both directions around the chromosome

Front 27

___________ chromosomes have a single origin of replication

Back 27

bacterial

Front 28

in prokaryotic DNA replication, the double helix is unwound by the enzyme __________

Back 28

helicase

Front 29

in prokaryotic DNA replication, ______-______ __________ __________ bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA

Back 29

single-strand binding proteins

Front 30

DNA polymerase III (Pol III)

Back 30

is the main polymerase responsible for the majority of DNA sythesis- adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the daughter strand of DNA

Front 31

DNA polymerases

Back 31

-match existing DNA bases with complementary nucleotides and link them

-all have several common features: add new bases to 3' end of existing strands, sythesize in 5'-to-3' direction, REQUIRE A PRIMER OF RNA

Front 32

DNA replication is _______________________

Back 32

semidiscontinuous

Front 33

semidiscontinuous

Back 33

-Pol III can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the newly synthesized strand

-DNA strands are antiparallel to each other

Front 34

________ _________ is synthesized continuously (in the same direction as the replication fork), ________ ________ is synthesized discontinuously creating Okazaki fragments

Back 34

leading strand, lagging strand

Front 35

primase

Back 35

RNA polymerase that makes RNA primer- can start an RNA chain from scratch

Front 36

DNA ligase

Back 36

closes gap between adjacent fragments

Front 37

DNA polymerase I

Back 37

removes RNA primer and fills in gap with nucleotides

Front 38

primase

Back 38

sythesizes RNA primer

Front 39

eukaryotic DNA replication have multiple __________ ____ __________

Back 39

origins of replication

Front 40

With each round of DNA replication in eukaryotes, the linear chromosome becomes ___________

Back 40

shorter

Front 41

telomeres

Back 41

region at the end of linear (eukaryotic) chromosmes- protect ends of chromosomes from nucleases and maintain their integrity- gradual shortening of chromosomes with each round of cell division

Front 42

telomeres __________ with age

Back 42

shorten

Front 43

telomeres

Back 43

repeated DNA sequence on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Front 44

telomerase

Back 44

contains an RNA region that is used as a template so a DNA primer can be produced- typically only found in gamete-producing cells or lymphocytes of older multicellular organisms- ensures longer telomeres in zygotes