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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the five general functions of the respiratory system?
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The five general functions of this system are:
1. gas exchange 2. sound 3. release of heat from the body 4. sense of smell 5. pH regulation by controlling carbon dioxide level in blood |
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What does GAS EXCHANGE refer to?
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This term refers to the INTAKE OF OXYGEN and the RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE.
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What in the body consumes oxygen? As the final what?
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION consumes this as the final electron acceptor from electron transport.
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What cycles produce carbon dioxide?
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Glycolysis and Kreb's cycle produce this.
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What branches off the trachea?
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Bronchial tree branches off this.
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Between what two things are the bronchi?
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This lies between the trachea and the alveoli.
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What are the first two branching bronchi called?
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These first two are called PRIMARY BRONCHI.
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How many secondary bronchi are there? (right versus left)
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Of these there are
2 left 3 right |
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Where does each secondary bronchus go?
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Each of these lead to a lobe of the lungs.
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What do secondary bronchi give rise to?
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These give rise to many bronchioles.
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What bud from bronchioles?
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Alveoli bud from these.
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What do the walls of bronchioles contain? (2)
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These contain:
1. no cartilage 2. smooth muscle that constricts in asthma |
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What are alveoli?
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These are microscopic sacs budding off from bronchioles.
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What are alveoli made up of?
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These microscopic sacs are made of SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM.
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What are alveolar ducts?
...leading to what? |
These are small airways leading into clusters of alveoli.
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What are the "bunch of grapes" in the lungs?
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These bunches of grapes are alveoli and their alveolar ducts.
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Where exactly does gas exchange take place?
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This exchange takes place in the alveoili
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What is each alveolus covered by?
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Each of these is covered by a jacket of pulmonary capillaries.
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What is the respiratory membrane involved with gas exchange? (2)
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This is the fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium & capillary endothelium
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What must O2 pass across to enter blood?
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O2 must pass across the respiratory membrane to enter this?
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What do alveoli contain which phagocytize particles that make it to the lungs?
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Alveolar macrophages do this to particles that make it to the lungs.
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What do cell in the alveoli secrete?
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These secrete pulmonary surfactant.
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Why do we need pulmonary surfactant?
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We need this to lubricate so we can breathe.
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In the ribs, what muscles are involved with normal breathing?
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The external intercostals are involved with this.
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What muscles contract during inspiration?
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External intercostals are involved with this part of breathing.
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What muscles contract during deep expiration?
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Internal intercostals contract during this part of breathing.
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What muscle is large smooth muscle involved with breathing?
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The diaphragm is a large this type of muscle.
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What shape is the diaphragm when contracted?
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This muscle is less dome shaped when contracted.
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What is another name for 'breathing mechanisms'?
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Pulmonary ventilation is another name for this.
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What are the two parts of pulmonary ventilation?
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The two parts of this are:
1. inspiration 2. expiration |
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Which part of pulmonary ventilation is a more passive process?
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Expiration is a more passive process of this mechanism.
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How long does normal inspiration take?
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This part of breathing takes about 2 sec.
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What is normal average atmospheric pressure?
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This normal average is 760 mm Hg.
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What direction does gas always flow?
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This always flows from higher to lower pressure.
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What muscles contract during INSPIRATION? (2)
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DIAPHRAGM and EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS contract during this part of breathing.
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What does the contracting of the DIAPHRAGM cause an increase in of the thoracic cavity?
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The contracting of this muscle causes an increase in VOLUME of thoracic cavity.
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Boyle's Law is what formula?
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This law is P1V1=P2V2.
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What happens when VOLUME increases according to Boyle's Law?
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PRESSURE decreases when this increases in Boyle's Law.
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How much does pressure decrease in the lungs in mm Hg?
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This decreases by about 3 mm Hg.
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What is the relative pressure of the lungs during inspiration?
How big is that pressure change? |
This is about 3 mm Hg.
It is a relatively large pressure change. |
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What is intrapulmonary pressure?
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This is the decrease in pressure in the alveoli.
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What do surfactants in serous fluid help do?
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These in serous fluid help to lower surface tension of the fluid.
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Why is it very important for surfactants to lower surface tension around alveoli?
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Lowering this keeps the alveoli from contracting.
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What are the five steps leading to air entering the lungs and filling alveoli?
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The five steps leaving to this are:
1. diaphragm contracts 2. increases volume 3. decreases pressure in thoracic cavity 4. decrease in pressure in lungs 5. decrease in pressure in alveoli |
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How long does normal expiration take?
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This part of breathing takes about 3 sec.
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To what is normal expiration due? (3)
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This process is due to:
1. elastic recoil of tissues 2. diaphragm relaxing 3. Surface tension causes alveoli to contract |
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What happens when intrapulmonary pressure increases?
How much does it normally increase? |
Expiration occurs when intrapulmonary pressure does this.
It increases by about 3 mm Hg. |
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What is the passive part of respiration?
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Expiration is the passive part of this.
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To what is expiration mostly due? (2)
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Expiration is mostly due to relaxation and surface tension.
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To what muscles are forced inspiration and expiration due?
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This is due mainly to action of intercostal muscles.
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What are external intercostals for in forced respiration?
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These muscles cause forced inspiration.
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What are internal intercostals for in forced respiration?
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These muscles cause forced expiration.
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What is TV?
How much is normal? |
Tidal volume is the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one normal breath.
~500 mL. |
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What is RV?
How much is normal? |
Residual volume is the amount of air left in lungs after the hardest forced expiration.
~1300 mL |
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Why do we need residual volume in our lungs?
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This volume is needed so some air is always left in lungs so they don't collapse.
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What is IRV?
How much is normal? |
Inspiratory Reserve Volume is the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort.
~3000 mL. |
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What is ERV?
How much is normal? |
Expiratory Reserve Volume is the amount of air in excess of tidal exspiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort.
~1200 mL. |
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What is MRV?
How much is normal? |
Minute Respiratory Volume is the amount of air inhaled per minute.
~6000 mL/min |
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What does MRV determine?
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This volume determines alveolar ventilation rate.
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What is the formula for MRV?
Example? |
this = TV x Respiratory rate
500 mL/breath x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min |
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How do you obtain a RESPIRATORY CAPACITY?
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This is obtained by adding 2 or more respiratory volumes.
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What is VC?
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Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible.
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What is the formula for VC?
About how much is it? |
= TV + IRV + ERV
~ 4700 mL |
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What is VC used to assess? (2)
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This is used to assess strength of muscles and pulmonary function.
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What is IC?
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Inspiratory Volume is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration.
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What is the formula for IC?
About how much is it? |
= TV + IRV
~ 3500 mL |
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What is FRC?
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Functional Residual Capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration.
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What is the formula for FRC?
About how much is it? |
= RV + ERV
~ 2500 mL |
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What is TLC?
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Total Lung Capacity is the vital capacity plus residual capacity.
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What is the formula for TLC?
About how much is it? |
= RV + VC
~ 6000 mL |
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What are the two kinds of control of breathing?
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The two kinds of this are
1. neural control 2. chemical control |
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What system or levels does the neural control of breathing include?
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This kind of control includes the nervous system.
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What system or levels does the chemical control of breathing include?
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This kind of control includes OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS and pH.
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What are the two separate neural mechanisms?
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The two separate mechanisms of this type of control are:
1. voluntary system 2. involuntary system |
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Where does the voluntary system of neural control originate?
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This system of neural control originates in the cerebral cortex.
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When does the voluntary system of neural control happen?
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This system of neural control controls breathing during eating and vocalizing.
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What mechanism and system allows you to hold your breath and breathe deeply
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The VOLUNTARY SYSTEM of the NEURAL MECHANISMS allow you to do this with your breath.
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What can temporarily override the involuntary system of breathing control?
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The VOLUNTARY SYSTEM can temporarily override this.
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Where does the INVOLUNTARY SYSTEM of breathing control originate?
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This system of the neural mechanism of breathing control originates in the MEDULLA and PONS.
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According to what does involuntary system regulate respiration?
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This regulates respiration according to the metabolic needs of the body.
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What system and mechanism controls normal breathing?
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The INVOLUNTARY SYSTEM of NEURAL MECHANISM controls this type of breathing.
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What are the 3 MAJOR FACTORS involved in involuntary breathing?
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1. Medullary rhythmicity centers
2. Pneumotaxic Center 3. Respiratory reflexes are the three major factors involved with this type of breathing. |
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Where are the medullary rhythimicity centers?
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These centers are in the medulla oblongata.
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What sets the rhythm for inspiration and expiration?
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MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTERS set the rhythm for these two things.
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How long does inspiration usually take?
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The part of respiration usually takes 2 seconds.
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How lond does expiration usually take?
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The part of respiration usually takes 3 seconds.
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What are the 2 parts of the MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTERS?
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1. Dorsal respiratory group
2. Ventral respiratory group ...are the two parts to the these centers |
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What center is the dorsal respiratory group?
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This group is the INSPIRATORY CENTER.
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Where are 'I neurons'?
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These neurons are in the Dorsal respiratory group.
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What type of neurons fire during inspiration?
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I neurons fire during this part of breathing.
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Where is the ventral respiratory group?
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This group is in the ventral medulla.
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Which Medullary Rhythmicity Center or Group is usually silent?
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The VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP or EXPIRATORY CENTER is usually this.
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What group is the expiratory center a part of?
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This center is part of the ventral respiratory group.
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What neurons surround what in the expiratory center?
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In this center, E neurons surround I neurons.
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When do E neurons function?
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These neurons function only during forced expiration.
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How do E neurons affect I neurons when they fire?
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When these neurons fire, they inhibit I neurons.
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Where do the fibers of E neurons travel?
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Fibers of these neurons travel down the spinal cord.
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Fibers of E neurons synapse with neurons in what nerve?
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The fibers of these neurons synapse with neurons in the PHRENIC NERVE.
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Where does the PHRENIC NERVE go after synapsing with the E neurons? (2)
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This nerve goes to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
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Where is the Pneumotaxic Center?
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This center is in the Pons.
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What center results in rapid, shallow breathing?
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The PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER results in this type of breathing.
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What does the PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER constantly do?
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This center constantly inhibits the dorsal respiratory center.
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What happens as pneumotaxic center increases activity?
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As the pneumotaxic center increases or decreases activity, you get faster, shallower breathing.
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What happens when the pneumotaxic center decreases activity?
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When the pneumotaxic center increases or decreases activity, you get slower deeper breathing.
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What major factor involved in involuntary system of breathing control acts as homeostatic protection?
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Respiratory reflexes act as this protection.
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What are the two kinds of RESPIRATORY REFLEXES?
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The two kinds of these are:
1. inflation reflex 2. joint reflex |
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What's another name for the inflation reflex?
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Hering-Breur reflex is another name for this reflex.
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Where are the stretch receptors involved in the inflation reflex?
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These receptors are in the smooth muscles of lungs.
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What is stimulated when the lungs inflate?
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The stretch receptors are stimulated when these inflate.
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Where do the stretch receptors send impulses?
Why? |
These receptors send impulses to the MEDULLA INSPIRATORY CENTER to INHIBIT INSPIRATION.
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When is the inflation reflex used and not used?
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This reflex is used to keep lungs from overinflating during exercise and not used in normal breathing.
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Where are the joint reflex receptors?
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These receptors are in tendons around joints.
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What reflexes increase respiration rate when you move around during exercise (i.e. when they're stimulated)?
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Joint reflexes increase this rate when stimulated.
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What reflexes does passive manipulation of bed ridden patients stimulate?
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Joint reflexes are utilized with these kinds of patients.
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What are the two places for chemical mechanisms?
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1. in medulla
2. in carotid and aorta ... are two places of these mechanisms. |
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Which chemical mechanism is sensitive to CO2?
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The chemical mechanism is the medulla is sensitive to this compound.
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When is the chem mech is the medulla used to regulate respiration?
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The chem mech in medulla is used all the time to regulate this.
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What are cells in medulla sensitive to in blood?
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Cells in this are sensitive to pH.
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When blood pH is low how does the medulla oblongata affect respiration rate?
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When blood pH is low this increases respiration rate.
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Why does respiratory rate increase when blood pH decreases? (4)
[this is a tough one] |
1. decrease respiration causes buildup of CO2 in blood
2. CO2 forms carbonic acid which releases H+ causing pH decrease 3. As respiratory rate increases, it blows off CO2 4. Decreases carbonic acid production and increases pH |
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A higher pH causes respiration rate to do what?
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Respiration rate decreases when pH is this.
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A lower pH causes respiration rate to do what?
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Respiration rate increases when pH is this.
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Cells in the medulla oblongata are sensitive to what?
not what? |
Cells in this chemical mechanism are sensitive to H+ not CO2.
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There are no receptors for what gas in the medulla?
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Here there are no receptors for O2.
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What are receptors sensitive to in the carotid arteries and the aorta?
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In these two places, receptors are sensitive to low O2 levels in blood.
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Where are receptors that send impulses to the medulla?
Why? |
Receptors in the carotid arteries and aorta send impulses there to stimulate breathing rate.
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How often are the receptors in carotid arteries and aorta used?
When is that? |
These receptors are rarely used.
Only when O2 levels drop dangerously low. |
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What are the two kinds of gas exchange?
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1. External
2. Internal ... are the two kinds of has this exchange |
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What is external gas exchange between? Where?
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This gas exchange is between blood and atmospheric air in alveoli.
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What is internal gas exchange between?
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This gas exchange is between blood and tissues.
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What is another name for External respiration?
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Alveolar gas exchange is another way to say this.
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What is the total average pressure of atmospheric air?
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760 mm Hg is the average pressure of this.
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What percent of the air is oxygen?
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20 - 21% of air is this gas.
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What percent of air is nitrogen?
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79% of air is this gas.
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Where does external respiration occur?
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This respiration occurs across respiratory membrane.
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What is external respiration driven by?
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This respiration is driven by DIFFUSION.
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What is the concept of PARTIAL PRESSURE based on?
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The concept of this is based on DALTONS LAW OF this.
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What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air?
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Partial pressure of this is about 160 mm Hg.
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Where do gases go when driven by diffusion?
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These go from higher conc to lower conc.
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What moves across the respiratory membrane? (2)
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O2 and CO2 move across this membrane.
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What is another way to say INTERNAL RESPIRATION?
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SYSTEMIC GAS EXCHANGE is another way to say this.
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What does internal respiration "load and unload" in blood in tissues?
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This respiration is the unloading of O2 and loading of CO2.
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What is the PCO2 in tissue fluid from aerobic respiration?
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The PCO2 is 50 mm Hg in tissue fluid due to this respiration.
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What is the PCO2 in blood?
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PCO2 in this is 35 mm Hg.
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Which direction does CO2 diffuse in terms of blood and tissue?
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This gas diffuses from tissue to blood.
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What's the PO2 in blood?
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The PO2 in this is 95 mm Hb.
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What's the PO2 in tissue?
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The PO2 in this is 35 mm Hb.
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How much O2 does blood give up?
What's that called? |
This gives up only about 22% of it O2 load.
UTILIZATION COEFFICIENT. |
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What is the O2 left in the blood after leaving capillary bed?
How long can that sustain life after respiration stops? |
Venous reserve is the O2 left in blood after leaving this.
It can sustain life for about 4-5 minutes. |
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Where does OXYGEN LOADING take place? In what blood?
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This loading occurs in the lungs.
In arterial blood. |
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What percent of O2 is bound to Hg?
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98.5% of this is bound to Hb.
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1.5% of O2 in blood is where?
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This percent of 02 is dissolved in plasma.
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What is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
What happens as each O2 binds? |
This dissociation curve is the relationship between the PO2 and Hb saturation.
Curve rises rapidly. |
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About how much O2 does Hb give up when 100% saturated to tissue?
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Hb gives up ~22% of O2 when saturated to this.
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Where does oxygen unloading occur?
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This unloading occurs in the tissue as does CO2.
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As blood arrives in capillaries, how saturated is it?
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Blood is 97% saturated as it arrives in these.
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How saturated is blood as it leaves capillaries?
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Blood is 75% saturated as it leaves these.
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What is the 22% of O2 blood unloads in capillaries called?
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UTILIZATION COEFFICIENT about this percent of O2 blood unloads.
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How is CO2 carried in blood? (3)
Percentages? |
1. 90% carbonic acid
2. 5% binds to protein 3. 5% dissolved as gas in plasma ...is how this is carried in blood. |
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What is the formula that results in carbonic acid?
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CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3
is the formula for this. |
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What catalyzes carbonic acid formation in rbc's?
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Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes this in rbc's.
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What does CO2 bind to involving Hb? not what?
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CO2 binds to HbO2
Not to heme itself. |
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What's HbCO2 called?
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It's called carbaminohemoglobin.
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