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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Are Fungi Heterotrophic?
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Yes, because they cannot synthesize their own food source.
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Plants and Fungi are Eukaryotes and Have cell walls?
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True
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How do we classify the diversity of Animals?
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Whether they have and what type of... Body Symmetry, Tissues, Body Cavity
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The history of animals may span more than a _____ years
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billion
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Animals are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from _________
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embryonic
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Animals can have 3 types of Body Cavites
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1: None
2: Pseudocoelom 3: Coelom |
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No body type
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Acoelomates, or Acoelom: These organisms don't have a body cavity.
These include the prorifera (sponges), Cnidaria (Jellyfish, coral, sea anemone), and Platyheminthes (flat worms) |
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Pseudocoelom
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Pseudocoelomates have a body that is partially lined with mesoderm. Fluid filled. Not as well-organized as a coelomate. These include the rotifers and nematodes (round worms)
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Ceolom
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Ceolomates have a fully lined cavity lined with mesoderm. These include the Annelids (segmented worm), arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Chordates
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Body Symmetry
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1: None
2: Radial 3: Bilateral |
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Radial Symmetry
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Can be cut into many different sections and have symmetry. Cnidaria (jellyfish, coral, sea anemone) exhibit this.
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Can be cut in half and display symmetry. All other animals have this.
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Three different tissues that animals have
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1: None
2: Ectoderm/Endoderm 3: Ectoderm/Endoderm/Mesoderm |
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No Tissue
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Porifera (sponges). Cells are not orgnized into tissue
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Animals that have Extoderm and Endoderm
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These are called diploblastic. The Cnidaria have this.
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Animals who have ectoderm, exoderm, and mesoderm.
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They are called triploblastic. These include all other animals besides the Porifera and Cnidaria.
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Ectoderm
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Is the embryonic tissue that forms into the outside layer of skin
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Endoderm
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is the embryonic tissue that forms the outside layer of guts, respiratory tract, and urinary bladder. Glands associated with gut and respiratory tract
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mesoderm
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forms muscles, connective tissues, skeleton, kidneys, and circulatory and reproductive organs.
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Protostome
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Are annelids, arthropods, molluscs: They develop a mouth first
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Deuterostome
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these are the echinoderms and chordates. These develop an anus first.
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Why Animal Diversity?
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Diverse sources of nutrition and Diverse Environment
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How is diversity of animals generated?
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Mutations and Selection for advantageous traits
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circulatory system
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This is your blood and muscles
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Ecological Niche
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Where an organism lives and eats
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heterotrophs
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must obtain organic
compounds and energy by absorption or ingestion |
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Example of a Novel Mutation
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Fruitfly wing mutation.
Homeotic: two wings Apterous: stub wing |
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Are animals monophyletic?
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Yes!
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Chemoautotrophic bacteria
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use chemical energy to fix carbon. provide sugar to things that host them! Live near hydrothermal vents
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Diffusion
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Random movement of molecules due to thermal energy.
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hydrogen bonds
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caused by polarity in water molecule
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Scaling affect
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bone size has to increase more than mass
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Reynold's Number
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Effect of size of animals/cells in water gives ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. For very small #'s: viscosity predominates and inertia is negligiable. IE Bacteria is 10^-5 and a whale is 10^8
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Animal Structure and
Function |
reflect the functional needs of animals within the constraints of physical laws
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the similar needs of animals
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nutrition, gas exchange, get rid of waste, contorl of internal environment, communication, internal and external, reproduction, move, reduce chance of dying
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Molecules have_____ energy due to ____ energy
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kinetic, thermal
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thermalconformer
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organisms at temperature of environment. Most live in stable temp or must adapt.
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countercurrent heat exchange
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when the veins are close to the arteries. dolphins and geese exhibit this
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What is temperature's effect on physiological processes?
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for every 10 degree C increase, physiological processes increases by 2-3 fold. But some will speed up more, some less. Wrecks coordination of physiological processes.
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Temp affects cell components such as
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lipid bilayer membrane
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vasocontriction
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a way to regulate body temperature. Iguanas use it when swimming in cold
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Shivering
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when muscles contract to produce heat instead of movement
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What do animals need to get from their food?
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raw materials (building blocks), chemical energy, essential nutrients
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what is chemical energy
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fuel to burn. oxidation of energy-rich organic material
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essential nutrients
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these are obtained by food that animals cannot make from raw materials. ie vitamins and minerals, amino acids, fatty acids
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autotrophs
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make complex organic molecules from simple ones
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heterotrophs
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have to ingest complex organic molecules
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2 autotrophs
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photoautotroph: plants and algae
chemoautotroph: hydrothermal vent bacteria... oxidize sulfides |
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Essential nutrients need by heterotrophs
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809 essential aas
few essential unsaturated fatty acids vitamins minerals |
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extracellular digestion occurs in
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gastrovascular cavity
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vertebrates can/cannot do intracellular digestion
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can, but not for general nutrition
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gastrovascular cavity
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Only one opening
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Alimentary canal
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ingestion, mechanical digestion, enzymatic/chemical digestion, absorption, elimination
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essential amino acids can be obtained from..
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meat, grains, legumes
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vitamins
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reqd in small amts, fat and water soluble, foudn in fruits and vegies, in skin, made by bacteria in colon (K)
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what are minerals needed for?
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needed for bone, blood, normal functioning, osmotic balance, enzyme funtion
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The Alimentary Cannal in the Mammal
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Mouth, esophagous, Stomach, Liver, Intestine, Anus
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Mouth
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Mechanical, Enzymatic (saliva contains amylase)
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Stomach
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Mechanical, enzymatic (pepsin), chemical. pH is 2!
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What does the pH in ur stomach do?
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denatures proteins!
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what prevents stomach from eating itself?
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protease active in lumen!
mucus cells continually divide to produce more cells |
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Liver produces ___ that goes to the ___ ___ and aids in ____
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bile, gall bladder, digestion
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Pancreas
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Produces digestive enzyme, raises pH, and produces insulin
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Small intestine
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breaks down proteins by enzymatic action. Finish digestion, nutrient absorption, water resorption.WHERE MOST ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OCCURS
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Large Intestine
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water resorption
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microvilli
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increase surface area for absorption
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cecum
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pouch inbetween small and large intestine, digests cellulose. much bigger in herbavores
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Herbavories require specialization becase...
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plant tissue is harder to break up, it contains cellulose, nutrients less concentrated than in meat
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Animals ___ break down cellulose
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cannot
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digestion can involve ___
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symbionts
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digestive symbionts are bacteria and protozoa and algae and they...
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breakdown fod, produce vit k, pruce gases
breakdown cellulose, produce vitamisn provide sugars, found in hydra, anemones, corals |
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Cellular respiration occurs in _____
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mitochondria
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How animal respiration works
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sugar + oxygen go inside mitochondria, carbon dioxide and water are produced as well as lots of ATP
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oxygen needs to diffuse short distances in...
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very small organisms, gastrovascular cavity, water vascular cavity, gills, tracheal system, lungs
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hydra is several mm long, so can it use diffusion?
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yes, because it has a gastrovascular cavity and it is hollow
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What adaptions enhance gas exchange and enable larger size organisms?
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increased surface area, respiratory system, circulatory system
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Water Vascular system has...
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ring canal, radial canal, and tube feet. in echinoderms
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Respiratory system in relation to gas exchange
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brings in gas
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circulatory system in relation to gas exchange
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distributes gas
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an example of an animal with open and an animal with closed circulatory system
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insect, annelid
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gills increase the surface area by..
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20 times
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example of animal with 2 chamber heart
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Fish
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3 chamber heart
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Has two atriums but one ventricle which the blood leaves. in Reptiles
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pH decreases as CO2 increases. Causes us to breath harder.
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true
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closed circulatory system present in..
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annelids, squids, octopus, vertebrates
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open circulatory system present in...
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arthropods, many mollusc
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reptiles are ___ monophyletic
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not
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birds are ___
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monophyletic
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ecology
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study of interaction between organisms and environment. science behind environmental and conservation decisions
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wat 2 factors are involved in ecology?
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abiotic: temp, moisture, sun, wind, minerals, changes in these factors
biotic: all living things and their products |
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three different types of ecology
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community, population, ecosystem
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wat is the primary source of energy?
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sunlight
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wat is the key abiotic factor in ALL environments?
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temperature
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What is a key abiotic factor in terrestrial environments?
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moisture
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Because of ___ ____, arid and tropical environments are found
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solar radiation
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____ and ____ also affect precipitation
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wind , mountains
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What seasons do water mix?
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Spring and Fall
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Oligotrophic
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clean water
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Eutrophic
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dirty water
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WHat is population ecology?
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study of population size, its sex and age of individuals (composition)
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Factors that affect changing populations
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Resources (food, habitat), competitors, predators, pathogens
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Demographic factors that affect populations
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age structure, sex ratio, fecundity, mortality, generation time
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polygamy
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1 male mates with many females
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life history traits
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time to reproduction
reproductive lifetime number of offspring quality of or energy expenditure into offspring/gametes |
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population growth is...
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logistic
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carrying capacity
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max number of species that can survive in environment
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community ecology
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interactions between different species affect community composition
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competitive exclusion principle
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only one species can live in a particular ecological niche. either
1: one dies off 2: choose to live in part where they don't compete 3: adapt |
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Biogeographic factors
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location, size
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equilibrium #
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number of species balance of immigration and extinction
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what is the affect of a disturbance in environment
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removes organisms and alters abiotic factors
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ecological succession
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allow new species to come into community and eliminate other species
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chemicals are...
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recycled
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energy __ and ____
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enters , leaves
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Net energy production pyramid
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sun, plants, insects, rodents, snakes
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What produces nitrogen?
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nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria
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humans alter chemical cycling by...
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deforestation --> eutrophic conditions
Burning fossil fuels --> acid rain, global warming, acidification of ocean (corrosive to shells and skeletons of marine life) |
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bioaccumulations of environmental toxins
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small animals eat toxins with small concentration DDT, large animals eat small orgs with high conc. DDT
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chlorofluorocarbons
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led to ozone hole in antarctica
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conservation biology
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seeks to preserve biodiversity
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restoration ecology
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bring endangered population back return degraded ecosystem bac
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Levels of Biodiversity
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Genetic diversity: allows for adaptation
species diversity: specific species have specific functions ecosystem diversity: biogeochemical cycle, ecosystem services |
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example of genetic diversity
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crop improvement
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what are some threats to biodiversity?
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loss of habitat, fragmentation or degradation, non-native invasive species, overexploitation all lead to:
reduce pop size and genetic diversity, degrade community and ecosystem |
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restoration ecology
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protect individual species, look at declining species,why?
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The wildlife corridor
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promotes dispersal, connect habitats
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