Bio 105 Exam 1

Front 1

taxonomy

Back 1

the branch of biology that names and classifies species

Front 2

evolution

Back 2

population change over time

Front 3

descent with modification

Back 3

species living today descended from a succession of ancestral species (Darwin)

Front 4

natural selection

Back 4

environment selects, mechanism for descent with modification "survival of the fittest"

Front 5

survival of the fittest

Back 5

the weak are weeded out. strongest one survives

Front 6

artificial selection

Back 6

selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans

Front 7

science

Back 7

a way of knowing based on inquiry

Front 8

discovery science

Back 8

mostly about describing nature

Front 9

hypothesis-driven science

Back 9

mostly about explaining nature

Front 10

hypothesis

Back 10

tentative explanation to a question -explanation on trail (why? method)

Front 11

scientific method

Back 11

1. make observations

2. formulate a hypothesis

3. make a prediction

4. assign subjects into groups

5. determine variables

6. run an experiment

7. analyze data

8. come to a conclusion

Front 12

alternative hypothesis

Back 12

experimental treatment will have an effect on the data collected

Front 13

null hypothesis

Back 13

experimental treatment will not have an effect on the data collected

Front 14

prediction

Back 14

what will happen in the future based on previous observations

Front 15

experimental/treatment group

Back 15

the group of research subjects that receives the treatment

Front 16

control group

Back 16

group that does not receive the treatment and are used for comparison

Front 17

independent variable

Back 17

what is changed or manipulated (only thing that changes) in an experiment

Front 18

dependent variable

Back 18

what is measured or collected (data) in an experiment

Front 19

standardized variable

Back 19

what is kept constant in an experiment

Front 20

conclusion

Back 20

states whether the null and alternative hypothesis was accepted or rejected

Front 21

theory

Back 21

only accepted if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence

Front 22

7 properties of life

Back 22

-order

-regulation

-growth and development

-energy processing

-response to environment

-reproduction

-evolution

Front 23

10 levels of life

Back 23

-biosphere

-ecosystems

-communities

-populations

-organisms

-organ systems and organs

-tissues

-cells

-organelles

-molecules and atoms

Front 24

3 domains of life

Back 24

-bacteria (strep, staph)

-archaea (ancient, lives in extreme environments)

-eukarya (plantae, animalia, fungi, protists)

Front 25

darwin's origin of species

Back 25

1859 descent with modification and natural selection

Front 26

matter

Back 26

occupies space and has mass

Front 27

element

Back 27

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

Front 28

compound

Back 28

contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Front 29

atom

Back 29

the smallest unit of matter

Front 30

proton

Back 30

positively charged

Front 31

electron

Back 31

negatively charged

Front 32

neutron

Back 32

electrically neutral

Front 33

atomic number

Back 33

the number of protons, top number, determines which element it is

Front 34

mass

Back 34

measure of the amount of material in an object (protons and neutrons, bottom number)

Front 35

mass number

Back 35

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

Front 36

isotope

Back 36

alternate mass forms of an element, differ in their number of neutrons

Front 37

radioactive isotope

Back 37

decays, gives off particles and energy, uses in research and medicine

Front 38

ion

Back 38

charges atoms

Front 39

ionic bond

Back 39

oppositely charged ions

Front 40

covalent bond

Back 40

two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons

Front 41

polar molecule

Back 41

uneven distribution of charge

Front 42

hydrogen bond

Back 42

weak electrical attractions between neighboring water molecules

Front 43

reactant

Back 43

the starting materials (to the left of the arrow)

Front 44

product

Back 44

the end of the materials (to the right of the arrow)

Front 45

surface tension

Back 45

how difficult is is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Front 46

evaporative cooling

Back 46

substance evaporates, liquid remaining cools down

Front 47

solution

Back 47

a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Front 48

solvent

Back 48

the dissolving agent

Front 49

solute

Back 49

the dissolved substance

Front 50

aqueous solution

Back 50

when water is the solvent

Front 51

acid

Back 51

chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution

Front 52

base

Back 52

a compound that accepts H+ and removes them from a solution

Front 53

3 states of matter

Back 53

- solid

- liquid

- gas

Front 54

4 abundant elements in human cells

Back 54

- oxygen

- carbon

- hydrogen

- nitrogen

Front 55

basic structure of an atom

Back 55

nucleus contains neutrons and protons with electrons orbiting in a cloud around it

Front 56

effects of a drought

Back 56

crop damages, shortage of drinking water, dust storms, famine, habitat loss, mass migration

Front 57

4 properties of water

Back 57

- cohesion

- strong resistance to change in temperature

- frozen water floats

- common solvent for life

Front 58

why is ice floating important to life?

Back 58

if it didn't float, bodies of water would freeze solid and marine life would die

Front 59

pH scale

Back 59

acidic (0-6 greater H+) neutral (7 H+ = OH-) basic (8-14 lower H+)

Front 60

organic compound

Back 60

carbon based molecules

Front 61

hydrocarbons

Back 61

contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Front 62

polymer

Back 62

made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers

Front 63

monomers

Back 63

cannot be broken down any further

Front 64

dehydration reaction

Back 64

links two monomers together and removes a molecule of water

Front 65

hydrolysis reaction

Back 65

breaks bond between monomers , adding a molecule of water

Front 66

carbohydrate

Back 66

sugars and polymers of sugar.

Front 67

monosaccharide

Back 67

simple sugars that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars

Front 68

disaccharide

Back 68

a double sugar, constructed from two monosaccharides, and formed by a dehydration reaction

Front 69

polysaccharide

Back 69

long chains of sugar units

Front 70

high-fructose corn syrup

Back 70

commercial process that converts natural glucose in corn syrup to much sweeter fructose

Front 71

triglyceride

Back 71

typical fat, a glycerol molecule, joined with three fatty acid chains, via a dehydration reaction

Front 72

saturated fat

Back 72

maximum number of hydrogens, no double bonds, most animal fats (bacon, lard, butter),solid at room temp

Front 73

unsaturated fat

Back 73

fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens. one or more double bonds, plant and fish oils (vegetable and olive oil, cod liver oil, peanut oil), liquid at room temp

Front 74

hydrogenation

Back 74

(adding hydrogens), covert unsaturated fats to saturated fats

Front 75

trans fat

Back 75

unsaturated fat that is bad for your health

Front 76

steroids

Back 76

different from fats in structure and function. composed of cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone

Front 77

protein

Back 77

polymers constructed from amino acid monomers

Front 78

enzyme

Back 78

chemical that changes or speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process

Front 79

denaturation

Back 79

and unfavorable change in temperature that causes a protein to unravel and lose its shape

Front 80

nucleic acid

Back 80

molecules that store information, provide the directions for building proteins, and include RNA & DNA

Front 81

DNA

Back 81

bases: (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) double helix, a-t, g-c, genes, deoxyribose sugar

Front 82

RNA

Back 82

bases: (adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine), production of proteins, single stranded, a-u, g-c

Front 83

nucleotide

Back 83

monomers in polymers in nucleic acid, a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

Front 84

gene

Back 84

specific stretch on DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Front 85

3 categories of macromolecules

Back 85

- carbohydrates

- proteins

- nucleic acids

Front 86

starch

Back 86

used by plant cells to store energy, long strings of glucose monomers

Front 87

glycogen

Back 87

animals cells store energy, converted to glucose when needed

Front 88

cellulose

Back 88

most abundant organic compound on earth, cable-like fibrils in the walls that enclose plant cells(plant cell walls, seeds[coatings], wood), cannot be broken down by most animals

Front 89

functions of fat

Back 89

-energy storage

-cushioning

-insulation

Front 90

basics of amino acid

Back 90

20 kinds, basics are a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), and a hydrogen atom

Front 91

how is a protein made?

Back 91

amino acid-peptide-polypeptide-protein, one or more polypeptide chains, twisted, folded, and coiled into a molecule of unique shape

Front 92

why is a protein's shape important? what environmental conditions cause it to change?

Back 92

shape binds to another molecule to carry out its function. temperature or pH level

Front 93

basic structure of RNA & DNA?

Back 93

sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases

Front 94

central dogma of biology?

Back 94

Dna-Rna-Protein

Front 95

energy

Back 95

the capacity to cause change

Front 96

kinetic energy

Back 96

the energy of motion

Front 97

potential energy

Back 97

stored energy. energy that an object has because of its position or structure

Front 98

entropy

Back 98

a measure of disorder, or randomness, in a system. chaos

Front 99

cellular respiration

Back 99

the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules and the storage of that energy in a form the cell can use to form work

Front 100

ATP

Back 100

adenosine triphosphate. energizes other molecules by transferring phosphate groups

Front 101

metabolism

Back 101

total of all chemical reactions in a molecule

Front 102

enzymes

Back 102

proteins that speed up chemical reactions. END IN -ASE

Front 103

activation energy

Back 103

the energy required to trigger the chemical reaction

Front 104

substrate

Back 104

a specific reactant molecule

Front 105

active site

Back 105

fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly

Front 106

induced fit

Back 106

entry of the substrate induces the enzyme to change shape slightly

Front 107

enzyme inhibitors

Back 107

prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site, or binding near the active site

Front 108

conservation of energy principle

Back 108

energy cannot be created or destroyed, can be converted from one form to another

Front 109

how does ATP energize other molecules?

Back 109

transfers phosphate groups. acts like an energy shuttle by storing energy obtained from food and releasing it later as needed