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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main features of animal cells? |
Main features of animal cells and their basicfunctions A. Cytoplasm B. Cytoskeleton C. Ribosomes D. Organelles: Nucleus, Mitochonria, Endoplasmicreticulum (Rough and Smooth), Golgi body,Lysosomes, Vesicles |
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What are the functions of the major features of animal cells? |
Major Features of Animal Cells 1. Plasma membrane – controls entry in/out of cell 2. Cytoplasm – semi-fluid matrix (liquid is cytosol) 3. Cytoskeleton – gives shape, structure and transport 4. Ribosomes - assembling polypeptide chains |
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What is the function of the plasma membrane? |
The plasma membrane controls entry in/out of the cell |
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What is the function of the cytoplasm? |
semi-fluid matrix (liquid is cytosol) |
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton? |
gives shape, structure and transport |
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What is the function of the ribosomes? |
assembling polypeptide chains |
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What are the major features and functions of animal cell organelles? |
Major Features of Animal Cells Organelles ORGANELLES are membrane bound compartments. *Nucleus – contains the DNA *Mitochonria – energy production (ATP) * Endoplasmic reticulum – Rough: modifies new polypeptide chains * Smooth: synthesizes lipids * Golgi body – modifies, sorts, ships new proteins and lipids * Vesicles – storage, transport, digestion * Lysosomes – waste digestion |
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Where do you find DNA? |
DNA is found in the nucleus |
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Where does energy production (ATP) take place? |
Energy production (ATP) takes place in the mitochonria. |
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What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what is the function of each one? |
1. Rough ER - modifies new polypeptide chains 2. Smooth ER - synthesizes lipids |
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What is the function of the Golgi body? |
New proteins are modified, sorted and shipped |
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What do vesicles do? |
Used for storage, transport and digestion |
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What is the function of lysosomes? |
waste digestion |
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What are organelles? |
Organelles are membrane bound compartments in cells for specialized functions. |
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Which two "major features" in an animal cell are not organelles because they are not membrane bound? |
cytoskeleton (gives structure, shape, transport) ribosomes (assemble polypeptide chains) |
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Name the five organelles in eukaryotic cells. |
Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane-bound organelles thathave different functions. Organelles include: Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondrion |
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What are functions of the nucleus? How many DNA molecules do humans have? How many DNA molecules do frogs have? |
Nucleus contains DNA = instructions for buildingproteins Number of DNA molecules vary between species Humans have 46 DNA molecules in each cell Frogs have 26 DNA molecules in each cell Nucleus protects DNA The nucleus keeps the DNA safe and sends out a copy to form proteins. |
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What do chromosomes look like and how can you view them? |
Humans chromosomes: They are visible in the light microscope during celldivision when they shorten and condense At other times the chromosomes are extendeduncondensed and are called chromatin |
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What is chromatin? |
The name for chromosomes when they are extended and uncondensed . This is when the genetic material is dispersed. (they are condensed and short during cell division - when they can actually be viewed under a microscope) |
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What is a primary function of DNA? |
It is a code to make proteins. DNA knows how to make the primary structure of a protein. |
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Picture of chromosome |
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Picture of and nucleus |
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Picture and labels for animal cell (eukaryotic) |
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Do bacteria have organelles? |
No |
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What are the four parts of the nucleus? |
1. Nuclear Envelope – Double membrane (twodifferent bilayers)
2. Nucleolus – dense area in the nucleus whereribosomes are produced 3. Nucleoplasm – area inside the nucleus 4. Chromatin – DNA and its associated proteins |
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What is the nuclear envelope? |
Double membrane (two different bilayers) - two phosolipid bilayers - 2 layers on the inner nuclear membrane and 2 layers on the outer nuclear membrane (so four layers all together). |
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Picture of the nuclear envelope |
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What is the nucleolus and what is produced inside the nucleolus? |
The nucleolus is the dense area in the nucleus. Ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus. |
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Where is the nucleoplasm located? |
The nucleoplasm is the area inside the nucleus - everything inside the nuclear envelope. |
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What is chromatin? |
DNA and its associated proteins. |
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Picture of the nucleus |
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What is the function of ribosomes and of what are they composed? |
Function: Site of protein synthesis This is where amino acids are linked together with a peptide bond to make a polypeptide chain Ribosomes are composed of proteins andribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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Picture of a ribosome |
Find picture |
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What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? |
There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum: *Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum * Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Picture of a endoplasmic reticulum |
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Describe the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes onthe outside which is why it is called roughendoplasmic reticulum (RER) RER modifies proteins that will be incorporatedinto membranes or secreted by the cell |
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What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
Functions: Important in protein modification 1. It is here that polypeptide chains (chains ofamino acids) are folded into their shape bychaperones 2. Carbohydrate tags are added to the proteins(glycosylation) |
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Describe the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Endoplasmic reticulum that does not haveribosomes associated with it is called smoothendoplasmic reticulum Functions: 1. Phospholipids and steroids are made here 2. Contains enzymes that detoxify alcohol andsome drugs |
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What are transport vesicles? |
Membrane bound compartments used fortransporting molecules around in the cell, alsocan be used to transport molecules in and out ofcell |
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What is the Golgi Complex? |
The Golgi complex – series of flattenedmembranous sacs (named for Camillo Golgi) Vesicles from rough and smooth endoplasmicreticulum bring their products to the Golgi to bemodified and repackaged Functions: processes, sorts, re-packagesproteins and lipids, creates lysosomes |
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What is important to know about the rough ER? |
This is where protein modification happens. Proteins called chaperones help fold other proteins (fold polypeptide chains which are chains of amino acids) Carbohydrate tags are added to proteins (glycoproteins are made) |
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What is made in the Smooth ER? |
Phospholipids and steroids. Proteins are not made here. Enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify alcohol and other drugs. Lots of smooth ER in the liver. |
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Picture of the Golgi Complex |
Find picture of Golgi Complex |
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Transport from Rough ER to Golgi to Plasma Membrane |
Transfer picture from lecture packet |
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Picture of transport vesicle |
Transfer picture from lecture packet |
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What are lysosomes? |
Lysosomes are digestion vesicles that containstrong acids and enzymes, can fuse with plasmamembrane to expel waste Made by the Golgi Functions: Engulf molecules and digests them Fuse with other organelles to destroy them Destroy bacteria (Like the garbage man - has acid enzymes that break things down and destroy them or break them down for use. Example: white blood cell picks up some bacteria and brings it to the lysosomes to destroy). |
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Picture of lysosomes |
Transfer picture of lysosomes |
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What is Tay-Sachs disease? |
Tay-Sachs is a hereditary disease where peopledon’t have a enzyme normally found inlysosomes that breaks down lipids in nerve cells. (Children often live to 3-4 years of age) |
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What are mitochondria? |
Bound by a double membrane: Inner membranehave folds = cristae that increases surface areafor cellular respiration Functions: 1. Produces energy for the cell (ATP). This process requires oxygen 2. Important in apoptosis = planned cell death |
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Picture of mitochondria |
Transfer picture of mitochondria |
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Where are polypeptide chains/proteins produced? |
Ribosomes |
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What organelle produces energy for the cell? |
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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What are the three major types of cytoskeleton? |
3 major types of cytoskeleton: 1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules (including cilia and flagella) 3. Intermediate filaments *Some permanent (intermediate) *Others self assemble and are only present when needed (microfilaments and microtubules) |
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What is the cytoskeleton and what are its functions? |
Interconnected system of fibers and latticesbetween the nucleus and the plasma membrane *Functions: 1. gives cells their organization (location of things) 2. shape 3. ability to move 4. transport things in cell 5. aid in cell division |
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What are microtubules and what are their functions? |
1. Microtubules serve as tracks along whichorganelles or vesicles move. 2. Aid in cell division by separating chromosomes 3. Microtubules make up cilia, flagella, and centrioles * Cilia are numerous short extensions in a cell thatmove back and forth * Flagella are larger than cilia and move in anundulating manner * Centrioles are microtubule organizing centers |
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How do microtubules aid in cell division? |
By separating chromosomes |
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What are cilia? |
Cilia are numerous short extensions that move back and forth in a cell |
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What are flagella? |
Flagella are larger than cilia and move in an undulating manner. |
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What are centrioles? |
Centrioles are microtubule organizing centers. |
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Of what are cytoskeleton microfilaments made and what are their functions? |
* Made of actin protein * Functions 1. Important function in muscle contraction 2. Responsible for the movement of pseudopodia 3. Role in dividing cells during cell division |
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Cilia is made up of what type of cytoskeleton? |
Microtubules |
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Actin protein makes up what type of cytoskeleton? |
Microfilaments |
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What are intermediate filaments and what are their functions? |
A diverse group of ropelike fibers Functions: maintain cell shape and anchor organelles |
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What is cristae? |
The folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondia - increases the surface area for cellular respiration. |
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What is apoptosis? |
Planned cell death (Side note - this is how we developed fingers. Some cells, mutations, are told it is better if they do not continue and they die. Cancer cells do not listen). |
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What is the nucleolus? |
Dense area in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced. |
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What is the nucleoplasm? |
Area inside the nucleus - everything inside the nuclear envelope) |
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What is chromatin? |
DNA and its associated proteins. When chromosomes are extended and uncondensed. |
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What are chromosomes? When can you view chromosomes? |
Visible during cell division when they shorten and condense. a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
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Of what are chromosomes made? |
Nucleic acids and proteins |
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Where are chromosomes located? |
In the nucleus |
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Why are chromosomes important |
They carry genetic information (DNA) in the form of genes |
