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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
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Protein Synthesis
DNA (Replication) RNA (Transcription) Protein (Translation) |
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What is the genetic message? What did some think it was years ago?
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DNA. There was a controversy whether DNA or Protein was the genetic message. Experiments using viruses proved that it was DNA
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Who determined that DNA is the genetic material?
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
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What 3 things do all nucleotides contain?
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1. Phosphate
2. 5 carbon sugar 3. Nitrogen containing base |
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What 4 types of Nucleotides does DNA contain?
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A, T, G, and C
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What are Chargaff's 2 rules for DNA?
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1. The amount of A, T, G, C in DNA varies from species to species
2. In each species, the amount of A = T and the amount of G = C |
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What did Rosalind Franklin's study show about DNA?
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Her data showed that DNA was a helix of some portions repeating over and over.
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Which two men brought together all the data on DNA and built a model, which won them the Nobel Prize?
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James Watson and Francis Crick
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What does DNA look like?
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Structure is a double helix, like a twisted ladder. Deoxyribose and Phosphate molecules are bonded, forming the sides with the Nitrogen containing bases making the "rungs" of the ladder. The Hydrogen bonds of the bases (A&T and G&C) holds the halves of helix together
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What are the 3 steps of Protein Synthesis?
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1. Replication
2. Transcription 3. Translation |
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What is Replication of DNA?
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Process of copying DNA before cell division
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How does Semiconservative Replication of DNA work?
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The 2 strands separate. Unwinds (called helicase), complimentary bases pair up, then rejoin (called DNA Polymerase), then seals any breaks (called DNA Ligase). Each new DNA molecule is made of one parent and one new strand and is exactly identical to the original molecule.
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Why are there "bubbles" in eukaryotes during DNA replication?
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Because replication begins at numerous origins in the DNA, the bubbles eventually spread in both directions until they meet
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What are 3 physical differences between DNA and RNA
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1. Deoxyribose vs. Ribose
2. Double Stranded vs. Single Stranded 3. Thymine (T) vs. Uracil (U) |
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What are the 3 major types of RNA?
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1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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What does Messenger RNA do?
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Carries the genetic message to ribosomes.
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What does Transfer RNA do?
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Transfers amino acids (proteins) to ribosomes. Each type carries one type of amino acid.
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What does Ribosomal RNA do?
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Joins with proteins to form ribosomes. Ribosomes may be free or in clusters called polyribosomes
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Summarize what happens in the Central Dogma of Biology.
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Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
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What does Genetic Coding do?
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Translates from nucleic acids to amino acids
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What is a Codon?
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A 3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA. Encodes a single amino acid.
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What happens in Transcription?
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Complementary RNA is made from a DNA template (nucleus). Portions of DNA unwinds and unzips at the point of attachment of RNA polymerase. Bases join in the order dictated by the sequence.
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What happens in Translation?
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tRNA brings in amino acids. mRNA then directs the sequence of amino acids into a protein.
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What ate the 3 phases of Translation?
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1. Initiation
2. Elongation 3. Termination |
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What happens in the Initiation phase of Translation?
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mRNA joins to a small subunit of ribosome, then a LArge subunit joins.
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What happens during the Elongation phase of Translation?
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Peptide (joined ribosome) lengthens one amino acid at a time.
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What happens at the Termination phase of Translation?
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1 of the 3 stop codons is reached. Release factor causes ribosomal subunits and mRNA to dissociate. The complete polypeptide is then released.
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What is a Transposon?
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Segments of DNA that are capable of shifting from one location to another.
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What is Polymerase chain reaction? (PCR)
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Amplifies specific DNA sequences. PCR makes many copies of a segment of DNA, starting with a small amount.
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What is a Gene Mutation?
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Change in the sequence of bases in a change. Can be due to a Replication error, Transposons, or Mutagens (environmental influences)
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What are the 2 different types of cloning?
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1. Reproductive cloning
2. Therapeutic cloning |
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What year and where was Dolly the sheep cloned?
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1997, in the United Kingdom.
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What is Reproductive cloning?
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Cloning to create an individual exactly like the original. Uses Somatic cell Nuclear Transfer.
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What is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)?
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The transfer of the nucleus from a somatic (body) cell into an egg from which the nucleus has been removed.
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What is Therapeutic cloning?
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Used to treat human cell illness
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What kind of cells are used in Therapeutic cloning?
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1. Embryonic stem cells
2. Adult stem cells (has limitations) |
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Why are Embryonic stem cells used?
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They can become essentially any type of cell in the body
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What is Lac Operon?
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Control of Gene expression.
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What is Apoptosis?
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Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell. Contradicts Mitosis
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What is a Karyotype?
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The visual display of chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and banding pattern
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