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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 Division Mechanisms for Eukaryotic organisms.
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1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis |
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What is the division mechanism for Prokaryotic organisms
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Prokaryotic binary fission
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What do Multicellular organisms begin life as?
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A single cell
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What kind of reproduction is Mitosis?
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Asexual reproduction
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What does Asexual mean?
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Doesn't require sperm or egg, which are components of sexual reproduction.
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What are the 2 important processes for Mitosis?
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1. Growth (Duplication of contents)
2. Cell division (Parent cell divides into two daughter cells) |
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List genes, DNA, and chromosomes in order of smallest to largest.
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DNA --> Genes --> Chromosomes
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What is the Diploid chromosome number (n) for Humans?
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46
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What does diploid (2n) number mean?
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Means a cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome is present.
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How many sets of chromosomes do humans have? Where do the sets come from?
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2 sets of 23 pairs of chromosomes each. One set from father, one set from mother
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How many chromosomes does Mitosis produce for human cells?
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46, two of each type
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What are Chromosomes?
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Packages of DNA
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What are Chromatins?
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Thickened complex of DNA and proteins
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What is a chromatid?
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A single DNA strand of a chromosome
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What is a Centromere?
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A Constricted region on a chromosome joining 2 sister chromatids
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What are the 2 stages of The cell cycle?
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1. Interphase
2. M Stage (Meiosis or Mitotic) |
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How much does interphase take up of a cells' life?
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About 85%
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WHat are the 3 stages of Interphase?
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- G1 (Growth 1)
- S (synthesis) - G2 (Growth 2) |
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What is G0 in Interphase?
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Arrested. The cell does not go on to divide. Happens after G1
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What happens in G1 of Interphase?
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Cell doubles Organelles and makes the decision whether to divide or not.
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What happens in the S phase of Interphase?
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DNA replication. Results in each chromosome composed of 2 sister chromatids
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What happens in G2 of Interphase?
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Onsets for mitosis and Synthesizes proteins needed for cell division.
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How is Cancer involved with Interphase?
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Removes the control over the cycle (G0) which means there are no "brakes" in the cell cycle. Loses control
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What happens in the M (mitotic) phase?
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Cell division occurs. Divides the Nucleus and Cytoplasm
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What is Cytokinesis?
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Happens at the end of Mitosis. Divides the Cytoplasm
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What are the Daughter Nuclei produced by mitosis genetically speaking compared to the parent nucleus?
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Identically genetically. They are Clones.
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What does the Spindle ("spindle apparatus") do in Mitosis?
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Pulls chromatids apart and assists with chromosomal movement during nuclear division.
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What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?
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1. Prophase
2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase |
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What are the 3 things that happen in Prophase?
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1. Duplicated chromosomes (from S phase) begin to condense.
2. New microtubules are assembled 3. Nuclear Envelope starts to break up |
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What happens in Metaphase?
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All the chromosomes line up at the spindle equator.
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What happens in Anaphase?
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Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart
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What happens in Telophase?
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Chromosomes de-condense and then 2 nuclear membranes form, one around each set of chromosomes
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What are the results of Mitosis?
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Two daughter nuclei, each with same chromosome number as the parents, and Chromosomes are in unduplicated form
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What are the 2 mechanisms for Cytoplasmic division?
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1. Cleavage (for animals)
2. Cell plate formation (for plants) |
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What is Mitosis involved with throughout a persons' life?
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Growth of a child and repair of tissues throughout life
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What are Somatic cells?
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Body cells
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What happens to the chromosome number during Meiosis?
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Goes from Diploid (2 of each type of chromosome) to Haploid (1 of each type)
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What is Spermatogenesis?
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Process that produces sperm in the testes
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What is Oogenesis?
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Produces eggs in the ovaries
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What is a Gamete?
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Haploid Sex cell (egg = female, sperm = male)
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What is a zygote?
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Diploid cell formed by the union of 2 gametes, this is the product of fertilization
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What do the egg and sperm do during Fertilization?
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Egg and sperm (each Haploid) join together to from a zygote (Diploid)
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What kind of Reproduction is Meiosis?
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Sexual reproduction
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Where for Gametes come from?
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Germ cells. Germ cells (Diploid, 2n) undergo meiosis and become gametes (Haploid, n)
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What does the process of Meiosis do to the chromosome number of a cell?
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Halves it. Alway goes from Diploid to Haploid. Haploid can go to Diploid during the S phase of Interphase
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What are the 2 major functions of Meiosis?
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1. Reduces chromosome number
2. Shuffles chromosomes in the cell to produce genetically different combinations |
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What are Alleles?
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Alternative form of a gene. Alleles occur at the same locus (place) on Homologous Chromosomes
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What is a Homologous Chromosome?
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Member of a pair of chromosomes that are alike and come together in synapsis during prophase 1
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What are autosomes?
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The first 22 pairs of chromosomes in a human being. Refers to any chromosome other than the sex determining pair
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What are the 2 consecutive nuclear divisions of Meiosis?
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Meiosis I
Meiosis II |
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How many Nuclei are formed by the end of Meiosis?
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4 Haploid nuclei are formed
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What are the stages of Meiosis I and Meiosis II
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Meiosis I
- Prophase I - Metaphase I - Anaphase I - Telophase I Meiosis II - Prophase II - Metaphase II - Anaphase II - Telophase II |
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What is "crossing over"?
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When homologous pairs swap segments during Prophase I
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What is synapsis?
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When Homologous chromosomes pair up and form a tetrad (4) during Prophase I.
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What are tetrads?
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Homologous chromosomes, each having sister chromatids that are joined during meiosis
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What happens during Anaphase I of meiosis?
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Homologous chromosomes separate, leaving the sister chromatids attached
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What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?
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Sister chromatids separate leaving independent chromosomes
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What happens in Meiosis I
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Homologous pairs line up in synapsis resulting in a tetrad. The Homologous chromosomes of each pair then separate. End with 2 cells.
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What happens in Meiosis II
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Chromosomes are dyads, composed of 2 sister chromatids. Sister chromatids separate. End with 4 daughter cells
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What are 3 factors contributing to variation among offspring in meiosis?
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1. Crossing over during prophase I
2. Random alignment of chromosomes at metaphase I 3. Random combination of gametes at fertilization. |
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What are genes?
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Units of information about specific traits. Passed from parents to offspring. Each gene has a specific location (locus) on a chromosome
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What are the possible Alleles for a Type A blood type?
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IAIA or IAi
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What are the possible Alleles for a Type B Blood Type
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IBIB or IBi
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What are the possible Alleles for a Type AB Blood type
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IAIB
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What are the possible Alleles for a Type O Blood type?
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ii
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