Bio 102 Unit 1 Ecology

Front 1

Ecology

Back 1

is the scientific

study of the interactions

between organisms and the

environment

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Biotic

Back 2

-living components

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Abiotic

Back 3

-non-living chemical and physical factors

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Biosphere

Back 4

-Sum of all the earth’s ecosystems, the most complex level in ecology, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere And man’s effect and interactions

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Aquatic Biomes

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-Account for the largest part of the biosphere -Oceans cover 75% of Earth’s surface

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Photic Zone

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-First 1000 meters where light penetrates the water and can support photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish

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Aphotic Zone

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-1000- 9000 meters devoid of light that can support photosynthesis

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Benthic Zone

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-Sea floor

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Freshwater Biomes

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Lakes and ponds- standing bodies of water Deep lakes have three distinct zones

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Littoral Zone

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shallow, well-lit water close to shore

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Limnetic Zone

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well-lit open surface water occupied by phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) and zooplankton (rotifers and small crustaceans)

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Oligotrophic lake

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Deep and nutrient poor Phytoplankton are not very productive Usually don’t support a lot of plant growth

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Eutrophic lake

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Shallow and nutrient rich Phytoplankton are productive Water is murky

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Mesotrophic lake

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in between the two

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Wetlands

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an area covered with water that supports aquatic plants ranging from areas that are periodically flooded to soil that is permanently saturated during the growing season

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Estuaries

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-Areas where freshwater streams and rivers merge with the ocean

-Estuaries serve as breeding ground for marine invertebrates and fish, and feeding area for water fowl

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Intertidal Zone

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Where water meets the land- beach area that is submerged and exposed by the cycles of the tides. A few animals live here including clams and crustaceans that bury themselves in the sand.

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Neritic Zone

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Shallow regions over the continental shelves, In warm tropical waters the Coral Reefs are located here. Sunlight supports photosynthesis here.Corals secrete hard external skeletons made of calcium carbonate forming a substrate upon which other organisms grow.

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Oceanic Zone

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Beyond the continental shelves

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Pelagic Zone

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-Open water constantly being mixed by ocean currents

-Lower nutrient content because they sink to floor

-In the photic zone photosynthetic plankton provide the food for

-zooplankton and jellyfish along with larvae of small

-invertebrates and fish that live here. Large squids, fishes, sea turtles and marine mammals live and feed here

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Abyssal Zone

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-the benthos organisms adapt to cold temperatures, high water pressures, the absence of light and low nutrient concentrations

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Tropical Rain Forest

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-Lush, near the equator, rainfall is greater than 250 cm per year

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Savanna

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Grassland with scattered individual trees

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Desert

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-Driest of all terrestrial biomes with less than 30 cm of rainfall per year

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Chaparral

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-found in a little bit of most of the continents - the west coast of the United States

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Temperate Grassland

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-Like a tropical savanna that includes cold winter temperatures

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

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-Occurs at mid-altitudes where enough rainfall supports the growth of tall trees

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Coniferous Forest

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-Largest terrestrial biome on earth

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Tundra

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-Arctic, encircles the north pole, extends to the taiga

-Plant life limited to low shrubs and mat-like vegetation