Bio 102 Test 3

Front 1

Hydrostatic Skeleton Advantages and Disadvantages

Back 1

Advantage: More flexible, movement requires less energy, helped by H2O

Disadvantage: No protection of internal organs, must have H2O available

Front 2

Endoskeletion advantages and disadvantages

Back 2

Advantage: Provides flexibility and protection of internal organs, can grow with organisms

Disadvantage: Soft on outside, does not prevent dehydration, human bones can be heavy energy intensive with movement

Front 3

Exoskeletion advantages/disadvantages

Back 3

Advantage: Protection of organs from predators, provides shape and structural support

Disadvantage: Movement not agile or quick, limits growth of individuals

Front 4

What are muscle fibers made out of?

Back 4

Repeating units called sarcomeres

Front 5

Sliding filament theory

Back 5

Actin are the thin filaments

Myosin are the thick filaments

Actin and Myosin slide past each other

Front 6

Autotropth

Back 6

An organism that makes its own food

(Plants)

Front 7

What is respiration?

Back 7

The physiological process by which an animal exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with its environment

Front 8

How do O2 and CO2 move in water?

Back 8

O2 diffuses into cells, CO2 diffuses into water

Front 9

What is diffusion?

Back 9

Movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low

Front 10

Incomplete Digestive System

Back 10

Sac-like gut with one opening in the body surface for food to enter and waste to leave

Front 11

Complete digestive system

Back 11

A tubular gut with an opening at both ends

(Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus)

Front 12

Intracellular digestion

Back 12

Occurs when cells take in food particles and break them down with enzymes to extract nutrients

Front 13

Extracellular digestion

Back 13

The breakdown of larger pieces of food using enzymes in the body cavity and cell takes in nutrients

Front 14

Open Circulatory System

Back 14

Heart pumps hemolymph into open-ended velssels

Makes direct exchanges with cells

Front 15

Closed Circulatory System

Back 15

Heart pumps blood through a continuous network of vessels

(Closed system redistributes substances faster than open system)

Front 16

Crops

Back 16

A modified portion of the esophagus that can expand

Front 17

Gizzard

Back 17

Grinds food with small pebbles or sand grains that the animal ingests for this purpose

Front 18

Ruminant digestiive system

Back 18

Acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion with the help of bacteria

Front 19

Rumination

Back 19

The process of rechewing cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion

Front 20

Ruminants

Back 20

Have 4 chambered stomach

Front 21

Herbivore digestive systems

Back 21

Herbivores must eat more food, invest more time, and have more tactics for breaking down food than carnivores because plants contain less protein

Front 22

Herbivores

Back 22

4 chambered stomach

length of intestines 27x longer than body

Flatter, grinding teeth

Less acits

Secum is larger

Front 23

Carnivores

Back 23

Saliva - digestive enzymes

1 chambered stomach

Length of intestines 6x longer than body

Sharper teeth

Stronger stomach acids

Small, useless secum

Front 24

Atria

Back 24

Receive blood from body or lungs

Front 25

Ventricles

Back 25

Receive blood from atria, contract to send blood to body or lungs

Front 26

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 26

Circuit through the lungs where blood is oxygenated

Front 27

Systemic circulation

Back 27

Circuit through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood

Front 28

Roles of the respiratory system

Back 28

Air moves past vocal cords to enable speech

Inhaled molecules stimulate olfactory receptors in the nose

Contributes to acid-base balance

Contributes to maintenance of body temp

Front 29

Respiratory membrane

Back 29

Location of gas exchange between alveolus and pulmonary capillary

Oxygen and CO2 diffuse passively, driven by the partial pressure gradients

Front 30

Oxygen transport

Back 30

Oxygen that enters blood diffuses into red blood cells

Binds to hemoglobin

Binding is reversible

Front 31

Four tasks of processing food

Back 31

Ingestion

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

Front 32

Peristolsis

Back 32

Muscular contractions of intestines that keeps food moving

Front 33

Need to know enzymes

Back 33

Salivary Amylase

Pepsins

Lipase: Digests fats

Front 34

Accessory Organs

Back 34

Gallbladder

Liver

Pancreas

Front 35

Pancreas

Back 35

Secretes enzymes & bicarbonate into the small intestine

Secretes insulin to the blood to keep blood sugar levels under control

Front 36

Liver and Gallbladder

Back 36

Filters/Detoxifies blood from GI tract

Makes bile - stored in gallbladder

Front 37

Functions of circulatory system

Back 37

Generate blood pressure

Transport blood

Exchange of nutrients and wastes at the capillaires

Regulate blood flow as needed

Front 38

Pathway of blood

Back 38

Heart and arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > venules > veins > back to heart

Front 39

Artery and arteriole layers

Back 39

Inner epithelium, thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue, outer connective tissue

Front 40

Capillaries

Back 40

Microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules

Made of one layer of epithelial tissue

Front 41

Vein and venule layers

Back 41

Inner epithelium, thick smooth muscle, outer connective tissue

Front 42

Population

Back 42

Group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

Front 43

Habitat

Back 43

The type of place where a species normally lives

Front 44

Community

Back 44

All species living in a habitat

Front 45

2 components of species diversity

Back 45

Species richness: Number of species

Species evenness: Relative abundance of each species

Front 46

Factors of community structure

Back 46

Abiotic factors such as climate, geology

Gradients of topography: landform diversity

Disturbances such as wind, ice, fire

Species interaction

Front 47

Commensalism

Back 47

A species interaction in which one species benefits with the other not benefiting

Example: Cattle egrets follow cattle and feed off of the insects that the cattle stir up

Front 48

Mutualism

Back 48

A species interaction in which each species benefits by associating with the other

Front 49

Facultative mutualism

Back 49

The species can live without their mutual partner

Example: Nile crocodile and egyptian plover. Plover cleans croc teeth and eats stuff it finds

Front 50

Obligate mutualism

Back 50

Species are dependent on the relationship and cannot live without each other

Example: Goby and pistol shrimp. Shrimp is blind, goby keeps lookout while shrimp builds tunnel, goby lives in tunnel

Front 51

Interference competition

Back 51

One species actively prevents another from accessing a resource

Example: Golden eagle and magpi fox

Front 52

Exploitative competition

Back 52

Species reduce the amount of a resource available to the other by using that resource

Example: Gazelles are prey for cheetahs and lions

Front 53

Competetive exclusion

Back 53

When two species require the same limited resource to survive or reproduce, the better competetor will drive the less competetive species to extinction in that habitat

Front 54

Prey defenses

Back 54

Exoskeletions, unpleasant taste, toxic chemicals or stings, physical adaptations such as camoflage

Front 55

Evolutionary armory example

Back 55

Spraying beetles and grasshopper mice. Spraying beetles spray noxious chemicals, but grasshopper mice eat the part that doesn't pray

Front 56

Some physical adaptations of prey

Back 56

Warning coloration - Poison dart frog

Mimicry - Monarch butterfly and viceroy butterfly, scarlet king snake and eastern coral snake

Camouflage: Praying mantis, seahorse

Front 57

Herbivory

Back 57

Animals feeding on plants

Front 58

Two defenses in response to herbivory

Back 58

Some plants withstand and recover quickly from loss of their parts

Some plants have physical deterrents or chemical deterrents

Front 59

Parisitism

Back 59

One species benefits by feeding on another, without immediately killing it

Front 60

Endoparasites

Back 60

Live inside their host

Front 61

Ectoparasites

Back 61

Attach to the host's external surface

Example: Lampreys

Front 62

Brood parasitism

Back 62

One egg-laying species benefits by having another raise its offspring

Example: Cowbird

Front 63

Parasitoids

Back 63

Insects that lay eggs inside other insects

Front 64

Symbiotic relationship

Back 64

An association between 2 or more species where at least one benefits

Front 65

Ecological succession

Back 65

A process in which one array of species replaces another over time

Front 66

Primary successon

Back 66

Occurs in a barren habitat

Begins when pioneer species colonize a barren habitat with no soil

Front 67

Stages of primary succession

Back 67

1: Lichens and mosses

2: Herbs and low shrubs

3: Small trees

4: Evergreens, then deciduous

5: Climax community

Front 68

Secondary Succession

Back 68

Soil is already there

Follows disturbances that leave significant legacy

Process much faster

Front 69

Trophic Levels

Back 69

All oranisms of an ecosystem take part in a hierarchy of feeding relationships

Each level of an ecosystem is represented as a trophic level

Front 70

Producers

Back 70

Self feeders that are part of the first trophic levels

Take solar energy and convert it into chemical energy

Front 71

Primary Consumers

Back 71

Organisms that consume producers and are part of the second trophic level

Front 72

Secondary Consumers

Back 72

The third trophic level which prey on primary consumers

Front 73

Tertiary Consumers

Back 73

Predators that feed at the higher trophic level

Front 74

Detritivors and decomposers

Back 74

Consume non-living organic matter

Play a major role as the community's recyclers

Front 75

Energy flows one way

Back 75

Producers capture light energy and convert it to bond energy in organic molecules

Metabolic reactions break bonds and give off heat, which is not recycled

Front 76

Keystone species

Back 76

Removal causes collapse

Example: Sea Stars. They prevent mussels from taking over

Front 77

Biomagnification

Back 77

The increase in concentration of a substance in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food

Front 78

Main indicators of climate change

Back 78

Humidity, Temp over ocieans, sea surface temp, sea levels, sea ice, ocean heat content, air temp near surface, glaciers, snow cover, temp over land

Front 79

Direct impacts on environment

Back 79

Oil spills, mountaintop removal, overharvesting of natural resources

Front 80

Endemic species

Back 80

Species you find in a specific location

Front 81

Indirect impacts on environment

Back 81

Habitat fragmentation

Desertification

Introduced species

Acid rain

Climate Change

Front 82

Invasive species

Back 82

example: Kudzu vine, brown tree snake

Front 83

Clumped Distribution

Back 83

Example: Canada geese

Front 84

Near Uniform Distribution

Back 84

Example: Nesting Seabirds

Front 85

Random Distribution

Back 85

Dandelions