Bio 102 Test 2

Front 1

Types of Tissues in vertebrates

Back 1

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

Front 2

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Back 2

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Cusodial Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Simple Squamos Epithelium

Front 3

Example of epithelial tissue

Back 3

Lining of gut

Front 4

Connective Tissues

Back 4

Cells scattered in an extracellular matrix of their own secretions

Front 5

Mos connective tissues contain:

Back 5

Fibroblasts

Polysacharides
Collagen(Most abundant protein in animal body)

Elastin

Front 6

Most abundant tissue in vertebrates

Back 6

Loose Connective tissue

Front 7

Dense, Irregular connective tissue

Back 7

Collagen fibers randomly arranged

Can withstand stretching in any direction

Front 8

Dense, Regular connective tissue

Back 8

Fibroblasts are arranged in orderly rows

Maximize strength in a single direction

Main tissue in tendons and ligaments

Front 9

Specialized connective tissue

Back 9

Cartilege

Adipose tissue(fat)

Bone

Blood

Front 10

Types of Neurons

Back 10

Sensory

Interneurons

Motor Neurons

Front 11

Skin layers

Back 11

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Front 12

Skin Functions

Back 12

-Keeps the brain informed of external conditions

-Serves as a barrier to keep out pathogens

-Helps retain internal temperature

-Helps conserve water in land vertebrates

Front 13

Melanocytes

Back 13

Make pigments called melanin which functions as sunscreen

Front 14

Where do you find hair follicles?

Back 14

In the Dermis

Front 15

What is the Dermis made up of?

Back 15

Dense connective tissue with stretchy elastin fibers

Front 16

Concussion

Back 16

Brian injury that occurs when brain impacts inside a bony skull

Front 17

CTE

Back 17

Neurological degenerative disorder that can involve memory loss, emotional issues, and dementia

Front 18

Nerve Net

Back 18

Mesh of interconnected neurons

Present in animals with radial symmetry

No central brain

Info flows in all directions

Front 19

Nerve

Back 19

Bundle of neuron fibers wrapped in a connective tissue

Front 20

Bilateral symmetry

Back 20

Symmetrical down the middle

Front 21

Radial Symmetry

Back 21

No distinct right or left side

Front 22

Cephalization

Back 22

Evolutionary process that concentrate neurons that detect and process information at the head

Front 23

2 cell types in the nervous system

Back 23

Neurons and Neuroglia

Front 24

3 Types of neurons

Back 24

1) Sensory: Take impulses from a sensory receptor to CNS

2) Interneurons: Receive info in the CNS, send it to a motor neuron

3) Motor: Take impulses from CNS to an effector

Front 25

Myelin Sheath

Back 25

A lipid covering long axons that protects axons and increases speed of nerve impulses(Made up of shwann cells)

Front 26

Saltatory conduction

Back 26

'Jumping' conduction of nerve impulse from node to node

Front 27

Nerve Impulse

Back 27

Action Potential/Electrical signal

Front 28

How does a nerve impulse work?

Back 28

Resting potential -> Depolarization -> Repolarization -> Refractory Period

Front 29

The Synapse

Back 29

Region where axon terminals lie very close to the next neuron

Front 30

What is the small gap between neurons?

Back 30

Synaptic Cleft

Front 31

What is integration?

Back 31

The sum of all signals received by a neuron

Front 32

Acetylcholine

Back 32

Induces skeletal muscle contraction; slows cardiac muscle contraction; affects mood and memory

Front 33

GABA

Back 33

Inhibits neurons within the brain; Influences motor control and anxiety

Front 34

2 Types of nervous tissue

Back 34

Gray Matter: Cell bodies and non-myelinated fibers

White Matter: Myelinated axons

Front 35

2 systems of peripheral nervous system

Back 35

Somatic and autonomic

Front 36

Somatic Nerves

Back 36

Carries signals from sensory neurons to CNE

Carries commands to skeletal muscles

Front 37

Autonomic Nerves

Back 37

Relays signals from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscke, and glands

Front 38

2 types of autonomic nerves

Back 38

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 39

Sympathetic Neurons

Back 39

Coordinate "Fight or Flight" response

Front 40

Parasympathetic Neurons

Back 40

Counters sympathetic system by causing a relaxed state

Front 41

Target Cells

Back 41

Target cells have receptor molecules that the hormone it senses fits into

Front 42

Local Hormones

Back 42

Affect neighboring cells, thus are not carried in the bloodstream

Front 43

Pherimones

Back 43

Chemical signals that influence the behavior of other individuals

Front 44

Peptide hormones

Back 44

Pepticides, proteins, glyco-proteins, modified amino acids; usually bind to receptors in cell membranes and begin a 'cascade' of events

Front 45

Steroid Hormones

Back 45

Lipids; Typically enter a cell and affect a gene activite and thsu protein synthesis

Front 46

Acromegaly

Back 46

Overproduction of GH that results in larger than normal feet, hands, face

Front 47

Thyroid Gland

Back 47

Large gland located below the larynx. Iodine needed in diet to allow thyroid to produce hormones

Front 48

Parathyroid glands

Back 48

Small glands embedded in surface of thyroid gland. Cause blood calcium level to increase

Front 49

Adrenal Glands

Back 49

On top of kidneys.

Front 50

Adrenal medulla

Back 50

Inside portion, stimulated by nervous system for short-lived fight or flight response

Front 51

Adrenal Cortex

Back 51

Outside portion, provides long-term response to stress

Front 52

Pancreas

Back 52

Composed to 2 tissues: Exocrine and Endocrine

Creates insulin

Front 53

Diabetes:

Back 53

Inability to control blood glucose levels