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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 ways plants raise water via vascular system
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Root pressure; cohesion; transpiration
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
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Turgidity
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Hydrostatic pressure exerted by semi-rigid cell walls through water gain may counteract the movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
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Water potential
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The net movement of water into a cell depends on osmotic pressure [solute concentration] and physical pressure within the cell. Water will move across a membrane from a solution with higher water potential to one with lower water potential
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Cohesion
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Intermolecular bonding of like molecules
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Adhesion
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The intermolecular bonding of a molecule to a different type
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Surface tension
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A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid.
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Capillary action
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Elevation or depression of the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid surface
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Concave meniscus
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If forces of adhesion exceed forces of cohesion (surface tension), liquid will rise up the sides of the tube and create a concave meniscus
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Convex meniscus
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If the forces of cohesion exceed the forces of adhesion, the liquid will be repelled from the side of the tube and the meniscus will be convex
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How water/minerals enters the plant
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Through the root’s epidermis via a symplast or an apoplast route; root hairs have a greater osmotic potential than the soil b/c root cells actively pump ions (ATP) into cells to increase solute concentration
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Symplastic route
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Water and minerals pass through epidermal cell plasma membranes into the cytoplasm and travel into the cytoplasm of adjacent cortex cells through plasmodesmata
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Apoplastic route
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Water and minerals pass through the hydrophilic cell walls of the epidermal cells and along a continuum of cell walls in the cortex
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Casparian strip
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Waxy layer of suberin on walls of endodermal cells; water and minerals are passively transported through the ground tissue until they reach the endodermis; only symplastic path for water once it reaches this point
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Root pressure
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The upward push of fluid in the xylem due to difference in water potential between the stele and the cortex (endodermis and parenchyma cells actively transport mineral ions in the stele)
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Transpiration
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Evaporative water loss from the aerial portion of a plant
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Transpirational pull
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Air on leaf surfaces causes water to evaporate and a "pull" on the water column. As water leaves from air spaces in spongy parenchyma, water coating the mesophyll cells takes its place. Remaining film of water coating the mesophyll cells will form a meniscus due to its adhesion to the hydrophilic cell walls and also because of the surface tension created by the cohesive forces resisting the increase in surface area
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Potometer
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Device that demonstrates transpiration in plants
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Guard cell function
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Control the size of the stomata, help to keep a balance between the needs of water conservation and photosynthesis
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How guard cells work
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Water enters the cells from surrounding tissue, cells swell and become turgid, bulging outward b/c inner cell walls are thicker, opening gets wider. Migration of ions out of guard cells into surrounding tissue causes the cell to lose water and shrink, stomata close
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Sporophyte generation
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Diploid, mature plant body. Produce haploid cells via meiosis, which then divide mitotically to create gametophytes
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Gametophyte generation
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Haploid; Megaspores and microspores, by mitosis and cellular differentiation, produce pollen and embryo sacs, which include sperm and eggs
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Fertilization
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Fusion of two types of gametes produces a diploid zygote that develops into mature sporophyte
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Flower
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Reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte; male gametophytes develop in anthers, female gametophytes in the ovaries. Triggered by env. signals, and tissue hormones
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Flower anatomy
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Meristematic tissues: sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, attached to the shoot by the receptacle
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Stamens/carpels
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Reproductive organs of the plant (male/female)
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Petals/sepals
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Nonreproductive organs used to attract pollinators
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Stamen structure
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Anther (pollen produced) and filament (stalk)
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Carpel structure
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Ovary (ovules), style, and stigma (where pollen is received)
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Sporangia
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Cells that develop into megasporocytes in the ovary and microsporocytes in the stamen
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Pollen grain
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Microspore produces generative cell (2 sperm) and tube cell (pollen tube)
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Double fertilization
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Pollen tube penetrates ovule and sperm are released; one sperm fertilizes the egg contained in the embryo sac to produce a diploid zygote. Other sperm fertilizes polar nuclei to create triploid endosperm. Ovule develops into a seed containing zygote and endosperm
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Seed coat
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Protective covering for embryo and its food supply (endosperm)
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Hilum
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Layer of scar tissue along the side of the bean; remnant of point of attachment to the ovule stalk
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Cotyledons
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Embryonic seed leaves, attached to the embryonic shoot
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Hypocotyl
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Region of the shoot below the point of attachment, which terminates in the embryonic root (radicle)
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Epicotyl
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Region of the shoot above the point of cotyledon attachment
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Plumule
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Shoot tip with the first pair of foliage leaves
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Monocot seed (corn)
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Single cotyledon that is a large, thin, shield-like structure with a large SA. called a scutellum
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Scutellum
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Absorbs and transfers food reserves stored in the endosperm to the developing plant
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Coleoptile
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Protective sheath in monocot, contains the plumule
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Coleorhiza
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Protective layer for radicle
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Tropisms
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Movements produced by differential growth in a plant in response to external stimuli; phototropism and gravitropism
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Positive gravitropism
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Roots
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Positive phototropism
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Shoots
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