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303 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hydrothermal Vent
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Submerged opening where hot, mineral-rich water streams out
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Protocells
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Membranous sacs that contain interacting organic molecules
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RNA World
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Hypothetical early interval when RNA served as the material of inheritance
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Endosymbiosis
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One species lives inside another
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Eukaryote
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Organism that enclloses its DNA is a nucleus, a protist, platn, fungus, or animal
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Ozone Layer
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Atmospheric layer with a high concentration of ozone that prevents much UV radiation from reaching earth's surface
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Prokaryote
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Single-celled organism in which the DNA resides in the cytoplasm; a bacterium or archaean
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Stromatolites
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Dome-shaped structures composed of layers of prokaryotic cells and sediments; form in shallow seas
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Speciation
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Process by which new species arise from existing species
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Reproductive Isolation
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Absence of gene flow between populations; part of speciation
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Allopatric Speciation
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Specitation patterns in which a physical barriers that separates members of population ends gene flow between them
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Sypatric Speciation
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Pattern in which speciation occurs in the absence of physical barrier
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Ozone Layer
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Atmospheric layer with a high concentration of ozone that prevents much UV radiation from reaching earth's surface
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Prokaryote
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Single-celled organism in which the DNA resides in the cytoplasm; a bacterium or archaean
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Stromatolites
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Dome-shaped structures composed of layers of prokaryotic cells and sediments; form in shallow seas
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Speciation
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Process by which new species arise from existing species
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Reproductive Isolation
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Absence of gene flow between populations; part of speciation
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Allopatric Speciation
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Specitation patterns in which a physical barriers that separates members of population ends gene flow between them
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Sypatric Speciation
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Pattern in which speciation occurs in the absence of physical barrier
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Coevolution
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The joint evolution of two closely interacting species; is a selective agent for traits of the other
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Exaptation
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Adaptation of an existing structure for a completely different purpose; a major evolutionary novelty
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Extinct
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Refers to a species that has been peramanetly lost
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Macroevolution
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Patterns of evolution that occur above species level
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Mass Extinction
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Simultaneous extinction of many lineages
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Stasis
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Macroevolutionary pattern in which lineage persists with little or no chance over evolutionary time
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Adaptive Radiation
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A burst of genetic divergence from a lineage gives rise to many new species
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Key Innovation
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An evolutionary adaptation that gives its bearer the opportunity to exploit a particular environment more effciently or in a new way
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Taxon (taxa)
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A grouping or organisms
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Taxonomy
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Science of naming and classifying species
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Charter
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Quantifiable, heritable characteristic or trait
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Clade
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A group of species that share a set of characteristics
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Cladistics
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Method of determining evolutionary relationships by grouping species into clades
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Cladograms
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Evolutionary tree diagram that shows a network of of evolutionary relationships among a group of species
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Monophyletic Group
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An ancestor and all of its descendants
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Phylogeny
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Evolutionary history of a species or group of species
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Sister Groups
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The two lineages that emerge from a node on a cladogram
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Animal
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A eurkaryotic heterotroph that is made up of unwalled cells and develops through a series of stages. Most ingest food, reproduce sexually, and move
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Placozoan
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Structurally simplest animal known, with only four types of cells and a small genome
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Having right and left halves with similar parts, and a fron and back that differ
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Coelom
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A body cavity with a complete lining of tissue derived from mesoderm
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Invertebrate
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Animal without a backbone
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Pseudocoel
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A body cavity not fully lined with a mesoderm
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Radial Symmetry
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Having parts arrange around a central axis, like spokes around a wheel
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Segmentation
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Having a body composed of units that repeat along its length
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Tissue
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One or more types of cells that are organised in a specific pattern and that carry out a particular task
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Vertebrate
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Animal with a backbone
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Cnidarian
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Radially symmetrical invertebrate with two tissue layers; uses tentacles with stringing cells to caputre food
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Cnidarian
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Readially symmetrical invertebrate with two tissue layers; uses tentacles with stinging cells to capture food
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Flatworm
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Bilaterally symmetricla invertebrate with organs but no body cavity; for example, a planarian or tapeworm
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Hermaphorodite
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Animal that makes both eggs and sperm
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Medusa
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Bell-shaped, free swimming cnidarian body form
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Nematocyst
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Touch sensitive stinging organelle unique to cnidarians
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Polyp
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Tubular cnidarian body form that usually attaches to some surface
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Sponge
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Aquatic invertebrate that has no tissue or organs and filters food from the water
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Annelide
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Segmented worm with coelom, complete digestive system, and closed circulatory system
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Bivalve
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Mollusk with a hinged two-part shell
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Cephalopod
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Predatory mollusk woth a closed circulatory system; moves by jet propulsion
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Gastropod
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Mollusk that moves about on its enlarged foot
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Mantle
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Skirtlike extension of tissue in mollusks; covers the mantele cavity and secretes the shell in species that have a shell
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Mollusk
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Invertebrate with a reduced coelom and mantle
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Radula
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Tongue like organ of many mollusks
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Antenna
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Of some arthropods sensory structure on the head that detects touch and oders
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Arthropod
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Invertebrate with joint legs and a hardened exoskeleton that is periodically molted
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Exoskeleton
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External skeleton
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Metamorphis
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Dramatic remodeling of body form during the transition from larva to adult
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Molting
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Periodic shedding of an outer body layer or part
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Roundworm
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Worm with a pseudocoel and cuticle that is molted as the animal grows
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Arachnids
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Land-dwelling arthropods with four paris of walking legs and not antennae; for example, a spider, scorpion, or tick
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Crustaceans
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Mostly marine arthropods with two pairs of antennae; for example, a shrimp, crab, lobster or barnacle
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Insects
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Land-dwelling arthropods with a pair of antennae, three pairs of legs, and in the most diverse groups wings
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Chordates
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Animal phylum characterized by a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharygeal gill slits, and a tail that extends beyond the anus. Includes invertebrate and vertebrate groups
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Echinoderms
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Invertebrates with a water-vascular system and an endoskeleton made of hardened plates and spines
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Endoskeleton
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Internal skeleton
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Lancelets
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Invertebrate chordates that have a fishlike shape and retain their defining chrodate larve or embryo
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Tunicates
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Invertebrate chordates that lose their defining chordate traites during the transition to adulthood
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Water-Vascular System
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Of echinoderms, a system of fluid filled tubes and tube feet that function in locomotion
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Cartilaginous Fish
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Fish with a skeleton of cartilage; such as a shark
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Cloaca
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Of most vertebrates, a body opening that functions in reproduction and elimination of urinary and digestive waste
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Fish
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Aquatic vertebrate of the oldest and most diverse vertebrate group
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Jaws
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hinged skeletal elements used in feeding
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Kidney
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Organ of the vertebrates urinary system that filters blood and adjusts its composition
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Lung
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Of some vertebrates, saclike organ inside which blood exchanges gases with the air
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Scales
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Hard, flattened elements that cover the skin of some vertebrates
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Swim Bladder
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Organ that adjusts buoyancy in bony fishes
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Tetrapod
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Vertebrate with 4 limbs
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Vertebral Column
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Backbone
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Amphibian
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Tetrapod with a three chambered heart and scaleless skin that typically develops in water, then lives on land as a carnivore with lungs
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Bony Fish
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Jawed fish with skeleton composed maily of bone
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Lobe-Finned Fish
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Bony fish with bony supports in its fins
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Ray-Finned Fish
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Bony fish with fins supported by thin rays derived from skin
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Amniote
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Vertebrate that produces amniote eggs; a reptile, bird or mammal
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Amniote Egg
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Egg with four membranes that alows an embryo to develop away from water
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Bird
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Modern amniote with feathers
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Ectotherm
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Animal that gains heat from the environment; commonly called "cold-blooded"
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Reptile
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Amniote subgroup that includes lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds
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Bipedalism
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Standing and walking on 2 legs
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Hominid
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Humans and extinct humanlike speices
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Mammal
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Vertebrate that nourishes its young with milk from mammary glands
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Marsupial
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mammals which young complete development in a pouch on the mother's body
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Placental Mammal
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Mammal in which young ar nourished within the mother's body by way of a placenta
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Primate
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Mammalian group that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
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Homeosasis
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The process of maintaining favorable conditons inside the body
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Organ
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Structural unit that is composed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a particular task
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Organ System
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Organs that interact closely in some task
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Stem Cell
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A cell that can divide and create more more stem cells differentiate to become a specialized cell type
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Tissue
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A collection of one r more specific cell types that are organized in a way that suits them to a task
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Connective Tissue
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Animal tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix; provides structural and functional support
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Endocrine Glands
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Ductless gland that secretes hormones into a body fluid
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Epithelial Tissue
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Sheetlike animal tissue that covers outer body surfaces and lines internal tube and cavities
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Exocrine Gland
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Gland that secretes milk, sweat, saliva, or some other substance through a duct
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Fibroblast
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Main cell type in soft connective tissue;secretes collagen and other compnents and extracellular matrix
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Adipose Tissue
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Connective tissue with fat-storing cells
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Blood
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Fluid connective tissue with cells that form inside bones
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Bone Tissue
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Connective tissue with cells srrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own secretions
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Striated, involuntary muscle of the heart wall
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Cartilage
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Connective tissue with cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of thero own secretions
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Dense Connective Tissue
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Connectibe tissue with many fibroblasts and fibers in a random or regualr arrangement
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Loose Connective Tissue
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Connective with relatively fe fibroblasts and fibers scatter in its matrix
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Striated, voluntary muscle that interacts with bone to move body parts
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Involuntary muscle that lines blood vesels and hollow organs; no striated
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Dermis
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Deep layer of skin that consists of connective tissue with nerves and blood vessles running through it
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Epidermis
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Outermost, epithelial skin layer
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Nervous tissue
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Animal tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells; dectects stimuli and controls responses to them
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Neuron
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Main type of cell in nervous tissue; transmits electrical signals along its plasma membrane and communicates woth others cells through chemical messages
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Negative Feedback
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A charge causes a response that reverse the change
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Sensory Receptor
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Cell or cell component that detects stimuli and signals the brain
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Endoskeleton
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Hard internal parts that muscles attach to and move
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Exoskeleton
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Hard external parts that muscles attach to and move
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
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Fluid-filled chamber that muscles act on, redistributing the fluid
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Interverebral Disk
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Cartilage disk between two verebrae
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Vertebrae
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Bones of the backbone
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Veterbral Column
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The Back vone
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Arthritis
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Chronic inflammation of a joint
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Cartilaginous Joint
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Joint where cartilage holds bones together and provides cushioning, as between vertebrae
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Compact Bone
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Dense bone with concentric layers of matrix
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Dislocation
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Bones of a joint are out of place
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Joint
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Region where bones come together
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Ligament
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Dense connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint
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Osteoporosis
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Disorder in which bones weaken
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Red Marrow
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Bone amarrow that makes blood cells
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Spony Bone
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Lightweight bone with many internal spaces
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Sprain
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Ligaments of a joint that are injured
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Synovial Joint
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Joint such as the knee that is lubricated by fluid and allows movement of bones around the joint
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Yellow Marrow
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Bone marrow that is mostly fat; fill cavity in most long bones
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Actin
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Globular protein; in thin filaments of muscle fibers
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Myofibrils
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Threadlike, cross-banded skeletal muscle components that consist of sarcomeres arranged end to end
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sarcomere
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Contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle
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Tendon
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Strap of dense connective tissue that connects a skeletal muscle to bone
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Muscle Fatigue
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Decrease in a muscle's ability to contract despite ongoing stimulation
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Muscle Tension
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Force exerted by contracting muscle
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Adaptive Immunity
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Set of vertebrate immune defenses tailored to specific pathogens encountered by an organism during its lifetime
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Antigen
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A molecule or particle that the immune system recognizes as nonself. Triggers an immune response
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Complement
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A set of proteins that circulate in inactive form in blood part of innate immunity
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Innate Immunity
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Set of inborn, fixed general defenses against infection
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B Lymphocyte (B-Cell)
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Type of white blood cell that makes antibodies
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Basophil
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circulating white blood cell; role in inflammation
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Dendritic Cell
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Phagocytic white blood cell that partols tissue fluids
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Eosinophil
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White blood cell that targets internal parasite
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Lysozyme
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Antibacterial enzyme that occurs in body secretions such as mucus
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Macrophage
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Phagocytic white blood cell that patrols tissue fluids
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Mast Cell
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White blood cell that is anchored in may tissue; factor in inflammation
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Natural Killer Cell (NK cell)
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White blood cell that kills infected or cancerous cells
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Neutrophil
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Circulating phagocytic
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Normal Flora
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Mucroorganisms that typically live onhuman surfaces, including the interior tubes and cavities of the digestive and respiratory tracts
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T Lymphocye (T-Cell)
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Circulating white blood cells central to adaptive immunity; some kinds target sick body cells
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Fever
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An internally induced rise in core body temperature above the normal set point as a response to infection
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Inflammation
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A local response to tissue to damage or infection; characterized by redness, warmth, swelling and pain
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MHC Markers
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Self-recognition protein on the surface of body cells. Triggers adaptive immune respnse when bound to antigen fragments
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Plaque
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On teeth, a thick biofilm composed of bacteria,their exracellular products, and saliva proteins
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T Cell Receptor (TCR)
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Antigen-binding receptor on the surface ot T cells; also recognizes MHC markers
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Antibody-Mediated Immune Response
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Immune Repsones in which antibodies are produced in response to antigen
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Antibody-Mediated Immune Response
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Immune response in which antibodies are produced in response to an antigen
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Cell-Mediated Iummune Response
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Immune response involving cytrotoxic T cells and NK cells that destroy infected of cancerous body cells
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Effector Cell
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Antigen-Sensitized B Cell or T Cell that forms in an immune response and acts immediately
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MHC Markers
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Self-recognition protein on the surface of body cells. Triggers adaptive immune respnse when bound to antigen fragments
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Memory cell
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Antigen-sensitized B or T cell that forms in a primary immune response but does not act immediatly`
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Plaque
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On teeth, a thick biofilm composed of bacteria,their exracellular products, and saliva proteins
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Antibody
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Y-Shaped antigen receptor protein made only by B cells
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T Cell Receptor (TCR)
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Antigen-binding receptor on the surface ot T cells; also recognizes MHC markers
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Antibody-Mediated Immune Response
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Immune Repsones in which antibodies are produced in response to antigen
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MHC Markers
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Self-recognition protein on the surface of body cells. Triggers adaptive immune respnse when bound to antigen fragments
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Antibody-Mediated Immune Response
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Immune response in which antibodies are produced in response to an antigen
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Plaque
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On teeth, a thick biofilm composed of bacteria,their exracellular products, and saliva proteins
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Cell-Mediated Iummune Response
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Immune response involving cytrotoxic T cells and NK cells that destroy infected of cancerous body cells
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T Cell Receptor (TCR)
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Antigen-binding receptor on the surface ot T cells; also recognizes MHC markers
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Effector Cell
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Antigen-Sensitized B Cell or T Cell that forms in an immune response and acts immediately
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Antibody-Mediated Immune Response
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Immune Repsones in which antibodies are produced in response to antigen
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Antibody-Mediated Immune Response
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Immune response in which antibodies are produced in response to an antigen
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Memory cell
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Antigen-sensitized B or T cell that forms in a primary immune response but does not act immediatly`
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Antibody
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Y-Shaped antigen receptor protein made only by B cells
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Cell-Mediated Iummune Response
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Immune response involving cytrotoxic T cells and NK cells that destroy infected of cancerous body cells
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Effector Cell
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Antigen-Sensitized B Cell or T Cell that forms in an immune response and acts immediately
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Memory cell
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Antigen-sensitized B or T cell that forms in a primary immune response but does not act immediatly`
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Antibody
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Y-Shaped antigen receptor protein made only by B cells
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arthritits
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Chronic inflammation of a joint
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Cartilaginous Joint
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joint where cartilage holds bones together and provides cushioning, as between vertebrate
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Compact bone
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Dense bonew ith concentric layers of matrix
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dislocation
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Bones of a jount are out of place
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Fibrous Joint
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Joint where dense connective tissue holds bones firmly in place
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Joint
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Region where bones come together
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Osteoporosis
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Disorder in which bones weaken
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Ligament
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Dense connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint
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Red Marrow
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Bone marrow that makes blood cells
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Spongy Bone
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lightweight vone with many internal spaces
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Sprain
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ligaments of a joint are injured
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Synovial Joint
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joint such as the knee that is lubricated by fluids and allows movement of bones around the joint
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Yellow marrow
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Bone amrrow that is mostly fat; fill cavity in most long bones
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Actin
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globular protein; in thin filaments of muscle fibers
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Myofibrils
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Threadlike, cross banded skeletal muscle components that consist of sarcomeres arranged end to end
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Sarcomere
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Contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscles
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Tendon
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Strap of dense connective tissue that connects a skeletal muscle to bone
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Adaptive immunity
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set of vertebrate immune defenses tailored to specific pathogens encountered by an organism during its life time
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Antigen
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A moleculee or particle that the immune system recognizes as nonself . Triggers an immune respones
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Complement
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A set of proteins that circulate in inactive form in blood. part of innate immunity
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Immunity
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the body ability to resist and fight infections
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innate immunity
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set of inborn, fixed general defenses against infection
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B Lymphocyte (B Cell)
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Type of whit eblood cell that makes antibodies
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basophi
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circulating whit blood cell roel in inflammation
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Dendritic Cell
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phagocytic white blood cell that patrols tissue fluids
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Eosinphil
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white blood cell that targets internal parasites
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lysozyme
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antibacterial enyzye that occurs in body secres=tions such as mucus
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Macrophage
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Phagocytic white blood cell that patrols tissue fluids
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mast cell
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white blood cell that is anchored in by many tissues;factor in inflammation
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natural killer cell (NK)
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white blood cell that kilss infecte of cancerous cells
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neutrophil
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ciruclating phagocytic white blood cell
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normal flora
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microoranism that typically live on human surfaces, including the interior tubes and cavities of the digestive and respritory
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T lymphocyte (T Cell)
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circulating white blood cell central to adaptive immunity; some kinds target sick body cells
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Fever
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an interanally induced rise in core body temp above the normal set point as a response to infection
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Inflammation
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a local response to tissue damange or infection; redness, warmth, swelling and pain
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MHC markers
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self recognition protein on surface of body cells. triggers adaptive immune response when bound to antigen fragments
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Plaque
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on teeth a thick bio foam composed of bacteria, therir extracellular products and saliva proteins
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T Cell Receptor (TCR)
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antigen binding receptor on the surface eto T cells; also recognizes MHC makers
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Antibody -mediated immune response
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immune respnse in which antibodies are produced in response to an antigen
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Cell mediated immune response
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immune response invloving cyototoxic T cells and NK cells that destroy infector or cancerous body cells
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Effector cell
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antigen sensitized B cell or T cell that forms in an immune response and acts immediatly
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memory cell
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antigent sensitized B or T cell that forms in a primary immune response but does not act immediatly
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antibodt
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"Y" shaped antigen receptor protein made only by "B" cells
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AIDS
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aquired immune deficientcy syndrome a collection of diseases that develop after a virus (HIV) weaken the immune system
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Allergen
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A normally harmless substance that provokes an immune response in some people
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allergen
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a normally harmless subsance that provokes an immune response in some people
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allergy
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sensitivity to an allergen
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autoimmune response
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immune response that targers one's own tissue
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Ejaculation
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Smooth muslce contractions that propel semen through a penis and out of the body
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ovary
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organ in which eggs form
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prostate gland
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exocrine gland that encircles a males urethra
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scrotum
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pouch that holds testes
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seminal vesicles
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exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vasa diferntia; main source of semen volume
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testes
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in animals, organs produce sperm
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vas derens
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Main duct that conveys mature sperm toward urethra
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cervix
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narrowed region of uterus connects to vagina
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corpus luteum
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hormone secreting structure that forms form follicle cell after ovulation
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oocye
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immature egg
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ovarian follicle
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immature egg and surrounding cells
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oviduct
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ciliated tube connectin gan ovary to the uterus
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ovulation
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release of secondary oocye from an ovary
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uterus
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muscular chamber where offspring develope; womb
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vagina
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femal organ of intercoure and birth canal
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fetus
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developing human between 9 weeks of age and birth
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labor
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expulsion of a placental mammal form its mothers uterus by muscle contractions
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Demral tissue system
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tissue system that covers an protects the plants body
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ground tissue system
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tissue system that makes up the bulk of the plant body
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parenchyma
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simple plant tissue made up of living cells; the main component of ground tissue system
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vascular tissue system
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tissue system that distributes water and nutrients through a plant body
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collenchyma
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simple plan tissue compose of living cells with inevenly thickened walls; provides flexible support
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companion cell
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in phloem parenchyma cell that loads sugars into sieve tubes
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cotyledon
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seed leaf par of a flowerin plant embryo
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epidermis
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outer tissue layer
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phloem
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complex vascular tissue that distributes sugars through a plant body
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sclernenchyma
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simpel plant tissue; dead at maturity its lignin reinforced cell walls structurally support plant parts
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casular bundle
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multistranded sheatherd cord of primary sylem and phloem in stem or leaf
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xylem
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complex vasular tissue; distibutes water and solutes through tuves that consist of interconnected walls of dead cells
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apical meristem
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in shoot and root tips mass or undifferentiated cells the division of which lenghtens plant parts
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guard cell
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one pair of cells that dfine a stoma across the epidermis of a leaf or stem
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primary growth
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plant growth from apical meristems in root and shoot tips
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meristerm
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zone of undifferntiated plant cellst ath can divide rapidly
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bark
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in woody plants secondary phloem and periderm
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cork
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components of bar; waterproof, insulates and protects surface of woody stems and roots
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cork cambium
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in platns a lateral meristem that give rise to periderm
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lateral meristem
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sheetlike cyliner or meristem inside older stems and roots; vasucal cambium or cork cambium
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periderm
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platn dermal tissue that replace epidermis on older stems and roots
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root hairs
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hair like absorptive extensions of a young cell root epidermis
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secondary growth
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a thickening of older stems and roots at lateral meristems
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vascular cambian
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ring of meristematic tissue that produces seocndary sylem and phloem
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vascular cylinder
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shethead, cylindricla array of primary zylem and phloem in a root
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wood
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accumulated secondary xylem
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humus
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decayinig organic matter in soil
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cohension tension therory
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explaination of how transpiration creates tension tht pulls a cohesisve column of water through sylem from roots to shoots
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mycorrhiza
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fungus plant root partnership
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nitrogen fixation
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conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia
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cervix
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narrowed region of uterus connects to vagina
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corpus luteum
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hormone secreting structure that forms form follicle cell after ovulation
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oocye
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immature egg
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ovarian follicle
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immature egg and surrounding cells
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oviduct
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ciliated tube connectin gan ovary to the uterus
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ovulation
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release of secondary oocye from an ovary
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uterus
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muscular chamber where offspring develope; womb
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vagina
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femal organ of intercoure and birth canal
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fetus
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developing human between 9 weeks of age and birth
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labor
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expulsion of a placental mammal form its mothers uterus by muscle contractions
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root nodules
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swelling of some plant roots that contain notrogen fixing bacterias
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pressure flow theroy
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explaination of how flow of fluids through phloem is driven by difference in preassue and sugar concentration btwn a source and a sink
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translocation
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process that moves organic compounds
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transpiration
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evaportation of water
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