Bio 102 Exam 2

Front 1

products:
Enzymes
Toxic Mediators (histamine)

Back 1

effects:
Remodeling of connective tissue matrix

toxic to parasites
increase vascular permeability
cause smooth muscle contraction

Front 2

Allergic Reaction

Back 2

Activates connective tissue mast cells.

Front 3

Mast cell activation (degranulation)

Back 3

Releases inflammatory mediators:
-Heart effects
-respitory effects
-gastrointestinal effects

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Autoimmunity

Back 4

Similar Allergy
-Inappropriate response to self
-Similar symptoms

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Graves disease

Back 5

antibody to a receptor on the thyroid stimulates thyroid. big eyes.

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passing graves

Back 6

transfer of antibodies into fetus.

Front 7

Lupus

Back 7

-Anti nuclear antibodies
-Immure complexes form
-9 times more likely to affect females

Front 8

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 8

T cells react to cells in pancreas, T cells attack pancreatic cells.

Front 9

causes of autoimmune

Back 9

-Genetic predisposition (MHC)
-Environmental factors
-Breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms
-Thymic involution with age.

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regenerative medicine

Back 10

-organ transplantation
-embryonic and adult stem cell therapies
-theraputic cloning

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types of transplants

Back 11

-Autogenic autograft- transplant to self
-syngenic isograft- transplants between identical individuals
-allogenic allograft- same species
-xenogenic- different species.

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problems with transplants

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-genetic variation (MHC, blood type)
-The immune system recognizes the variation and responds to foreign tissue.

Front 13

ways of avoiding rejection

Back 13

-matching individuals (tissue typing)
-immunosuppressive drugs (steroids etc.) Can result in infection and cancer.

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Stem Cell

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-Can divide and differentiate
-into a function cell
-replace a parent cell

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heirarchy

Back 15

totipotent; pluripotent... blood stem cells/multipotent

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Embryonic stem cells

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-derived from human blastocyst
-can divide indefinitely
-differentiates into all specialized cell types (pluripotent)
-derived from inner cell of blastocyst

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Ebryonic Stem Cells

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-can be cultured in lab, but can be the cause of tumors
-grown in non-human serum, non human feeder cells.
-another problem is controlling differentiation.

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teratomas

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-tumors with cells from undifferentiated escs.

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adult stem cell

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14 days after fertilization, cells differentiate into 3 embryonic germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
-also comes from adult tissues including bone marrow, skin, liver, brain, milk teeth etc.

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Embryonic Stem Cells: More problems

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-Contaminants from non-human serum and feeder cells
-Ability to control differentiation.
-Genetic Abnormalities
-Ability to obtain ESCs
-Understanding if immune system attacks ESCs

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Future of ESCs

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-Growing ESCs without non-human components
-Other sources of "embryonic-like" stem
.. amniotic fluid etc
-new organs
-knowledge gained from knowing what it takes to make a heart cell.

Front 22

Laws regarding ESC research

Back 22

No federal money may be used to generate new ESC lines...
-Private Funding
-American competitiveness??

Front 23

Pathogens

Back 23

-Worms
-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Prions

Front 24

Leading infections disease killers

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1. Acute Respitory Infections
2. Diarrheal
3. TB
4. Malaria
5. Hep
6. Measles
7. Memengitis

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Leading causes of death

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1. Heart disease
2. Stroke
3. Lower resp. infect
4. hiv

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Organisms in body

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1. Commenalism- No harm or good.

2. Mutualism-Both are mutually advantageous

3. Pathogens- causes harm

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Schistosomes

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flatworms

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trichinella

Back 28

worm that causes trichnellosis. found in pigs

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fungi

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candidiasis.

Front 30

protist

Back 30

american/african sleeping disease

Front 31

bacteria

Back 31

spirillum. spirochete. e coli. cholera.

Front 32

hog cholera

Back 32

really a virus

Front 33

TB

Back 33

bacterium, affects lungs. results in cavity formation.

Front 34

diptheria

Back 34

damages mucosa with toxins

Front 35

Strepococcus

Back 35

usually affects throat. can affects skin. more virulent strain causes flesh eating bacteria.

Front 36

Heliobactor pylori

Back 36

cause of many gastrointestinal problems. bleeding. ulcers. stomach cancer.

Front 37

viruses

Back 37

-bad news wrapped in protein

Front 38

infected brain tissues (prions)

Back 38

CJD(human), Kuru(human), BSE(cow), Scrapie(sheep)

Front 39

Infectious Disease

Back 39

a disease is the condition in which the functioning of the body or a part of the body is interfered
with or damaged. In a person with an infectious disease, the infectious agent that has entered the body causes it
to function abnormally in some way or ways.

Front 40

bubonic plague

Back 40

The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form of the
Black Death. The mortality rate
was 30-75%. Bites by infected
rat fleas or by aerosol droplets
(pneumonic plague) transmitted
the disease.

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life cycle of west nile

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-birds infected, birds migrate.

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epidemic triggers

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-Crowding
-habitat invasion
-global travel by air
-loss of immunity with each new generation
-mutation in microbe
-overuse of antibiotics
-poverty with poor sanitation
-changes in human activities

Front 43

Koch's postulates

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-if organism can be isolated
-and organism can be cultured in lab
-and organism causes same disease when given to other host
-and organism can be reisolated
-then organism is cause

Front 44

Dr. John snow

Back 44

cholera epidemic

Front 45

importance of uncontaminated water

Back 45

sewage treatment
-primary.. removes solids
-secondary.. reduces organic content
-teriary.. reduces phosphorus
water purification
-filtration
-boiling
-alcohol?

Front 46

mary mallon

Back 46

first "healthy carrier". a cook, moved place to place.

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Yellow Fever

Back 47

-coughing blood. intestinal bleeding.
-mosquito eradication during spanish american war

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flu

Back 48

-fever and respitory symptoms

Front 49

different kinds of flu

Back 49

-spanish flu. highest number of flu deaths. 500,000 in US
-Asian flu.. 70,000 deaths
-Hong Kong Flu.. 34,000 deaths

Front 50

avian flu

Back 50

-contact with excretions from birds

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nomenclature of flu

Back 51

A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2)

Virus type/geographic origin/strain number/year of isolation (virus subtype)

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emerging infections diseases

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-have entered human population recently
-very virulent
-enter from animals
-can be spread by modern transportation

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fever

Back 53

-resetting of thermostat in brain
-stimulated by the immune response
-cannot be retained for long

Front 54

julius wagner jauregg

Back 54

-shock therapy
-developed treatment for malaria

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iron

Back 55

rate-limiting nutrient for bacterial growth

Front 56

expulsion

Back 56

vomiting
diarrhea
coughing
sneezing
tears
menstruation

Front 57

immune response to infection

Back 57

individual infected with one type of pathogen, response clears infection. new type is unaffected by previous response, new response clears.

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hiv

Back 58

-very high mutation rate because reverse transcription lacks the error correcting enzymes
-50% of viral dna have one mistake.
-this is an adaptation to escape detection
-confounded vaccine development

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pathogens

Back 59

-evolutionary advantage
-developed complex immune system to respond
-arms race with no end

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conventional wisdom about pathogens

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since host is sick and parasite loses home, pathogens and hosts should evolve toward commenalism.
-but.... ultimate requirement is spread to new hosts.
-if dispersal is dependent on health, then seriousness is less
-if dispersal is by vector, then more virulence is needed
-therefore, diseases spread by personal contact is less virulent than vectors

Front 61

paul ewald

Back 61

-clean water decreases virulence of diarrheal diseases.
-hospital infections are very virulent (physicians and nurses are vectors)
-condoms and clean needles decrease hiv virulence

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antibiotics

Back 62

-antibacterial weapons made by microorganisms
-attack bacteria specifically
-bacteria can develop resistance and become superbugs

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bacteria mutation

Back 63

-pump out antibiotic
-degrade
-chemically alter

Front 64

what to do

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-reduce use of antibio
-use as directed

Front 65

why microbes are effective weapons

Back 65

-cheap and easy
-difficult to identify attacker
-long to detect
but...
-victims not predictable
-attacker may become infected

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catagory a diseases

Back 66

-easily transmitted
-high mortality
-public panic
-require special action

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class a

Back 67

plague
small pox
anthrax
botulism
ebola etc
tularemia

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camp detrick

Back 68

marylan, develops biological weapons including anthrax

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plum island

Back 69

-research foreign animal diseases that may be accidentally introduced to us

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rebirth island

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anthrax testing area

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project bonfire

Back 71

-identify resistance gene
-cut out antibiotic gene
-insert gene into vector

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four types of pathogen

Back 72

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

Front 73

Characteristic of inflammation

Back 73

tumor-raise
rubor-redness
calor-heat
dolor-pain

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Immunse response

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Innate- Rapid response, fixed, limited number of specificities, constant during response.

adaptive- slow response, variable, numerous highly selective specificities, improve during response.

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cells of immune system

Back 75

stem cells
---------------------
lymphoid- b cell.. t cell.. natural killer cell

----
myeloid progenitor
-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-mast cell

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immune cells

Back 76

lymphocite- production of antibodies or cytotoxic helper cellts T

plasma cell- fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies

natural killer- kills cells infected with certain viruses.

neutrophil- killing of microorganism

eosinophil- kills antibody coated parasites

basophil- unknown

monocyte- precursor cell to macrophage

macrophage- kills microorganisms. activation of t cells

dendridic cell- activate t cells and initiates adaptive immune

mast cell- expulsion of parasites by release of granules containing histamine

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hematopoiseis

Back 77

production of blood cells in bone marrow.

Front 78

proportion of cells

Back 78

neutrophil- 40-75
eosinophil- 1-6
basophil- >1
monocyte-2-10
lymphocyte- 20-50

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what secreted antibodies do

Back 79

mark antigen for destruction and clearance

Front 80

B and T cells differ in how they recognize antigens

Back 80

B Cells- recognize epitopes on antigens.. antigens outside the cell

T Cells- recognize antigen fragmets presented on MHC proteins on cell surface
-antigens inside the cell
-antigens brought into the cell

Front 81

two arms of immune system

Back 81

humoral immunity- intercellular, bacteria eg.

cellular immunity- intercellular microbes, viruses eg.

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MHC function

Back 82

antigen presentation.

Front 83

T killers

Back 83

kill virally infected cells because they present antigens on the surface.. MHC travels to surface

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t helper cell

Back 84

activate immune cells because they present foreign antigens on their surface.

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cytokines

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t cells communicate with one another and other cells

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t cell education

Back 86

positive and negative selection in the thymus

positive- recognize self MHC

negative- recognize non-self peptides