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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Community
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all living organisms
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population
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same species
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food web shows
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predation and competition
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most important part of community
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decomposers
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8 characteristics of life
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Cellularity Reproduction Nutrients Growth Irritability Homeostasis Mutation Adaptation
Crazy Ralph Nader Got Incredibly Mad At Homer |
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benefical _____ leads to _____
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mutation adapatation
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father of taxonomy
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carolus linnaeus
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5 kingdoms
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monera
protista fungi animilia plantae |
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inventor of 5 kingdoms
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robert whittaker
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monera have cell walls of
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peptidoglycan
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only thing protista have in common
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eukaryotic
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protists predecessors - modern (based on cell walls cellulose, chitin, none)
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algae - plantae
slime molds - fungi protozoans - animalia |
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3 domains
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bacteria - contemporary bacteria, unicellular prokaryotes
archaea - ancient bacteria, unicellular prokaryotes eukaryo |
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adaptive radiation
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emergence of many species from one based on different environemnts
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homologous have shared ____ and _____ , ______ evolution
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structure and function, divergent evolution
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analogous structures represent _____ ________
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convergent evolution
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Evidence of Evolutionary Connections (3)
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comparative anatomy
comparative embryology comparative biochemistry (DNA) |
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monophyletic grouping (phylogenetic tree)
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group with 1 common ancestor and all descendants
(a clade) |
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paraphyletic grouping (phylogenetic tree)
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group with 1 common ancestor but only some descendants
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polyphyletic grouping (phylogenetic tree)
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group of species derived from 2 or more ancestors
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3 types of phylogenetic grouping
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mono,
para, poly |
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3 types of phylogenetic trees
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cladogram
phylogram ultametric |
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cladogram
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depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species
!drawn on diagonal! |
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phylogram
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length of branches reflect number of genetic changes*
!key with base changes in DNA sequence! |
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ultrametric tree
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length of branches reflect measurements of time*
key with dates |
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molecular systematics homologies show
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descent based on genetics by comparing dna sequences
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parsimony
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fewest changes
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viruses built by
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host cell
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characteristics of living viruses have
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mutations, adaptations, irritability
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viral size
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20-250 nm
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structure of virus
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genome
capsid viral envelope |
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capsid
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protein shell enclosing genome of virus
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capsomeres
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protein subunits of viral capsid - no more than 3 diff proteins
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viral envelope
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membranous covering over capsids with glycoprotein receptors
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____ is supplied by host cell upon exit (in certain viruses)
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viral envelope
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TMV
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tobacco mosaic virus
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TMV capsid shape
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rigid rod RNA
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number of proteins in TMV
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1 type; 1000+ capsomeres
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TMV arrangement of capsomeres
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helix
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adenoviruses protein/capsomeres arrangement
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252 identical proteins
arrnged in 20 triangular facets = icosahedron |
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Influenza Virus Structure
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- viral envelope with studded glycoprotein strikes
- envelope surrounds 8 diff RNA molecules within own capsid |
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Bacteriophages are____ _____ of all viral capsids because it consists of _____, _____, and ______
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most complex
head (with DNA), tail sheath, and fibers (legs) |
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Adolf Mayer
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1st; rubbed diseased tobacco plants against healthy - small bacteria
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Dimitri Ivanowsky
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2nd - filtered sap of diseased, applied to healthy; infectious agent small unfilterable bacteria
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Martinus Beijerinck
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3rd - infectious agent reproduced within host only - termed Virus (poison)
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Wendell Stanley
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4th 1935 - crystallized infectious particle using electron microscopy
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4 Ways to classify Viruses
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Type of nucleic acid
number of strands to it host specificity presence/absence of viral envelope |
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steps of viral (not bacteriophage) replication
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entry into host
uncoating of nucleic acid nucleic acid replication transcription to RNA (if a DNA virus) Translation (RNA - protein) Self Assembly Exit |
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lytic replication
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bacteriophages virulent phages (kill cell)
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lysogenic cycle
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temperate phages (bacteriophages switch to it when bacterium count low)
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lytic cycle
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cell is weakened by enzyme which weakens cell wall, and the viruses are solutes so water diffuses from outside cell
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lysogenic cycle
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prophage are cretated - dormant virus parts hang out in bacteria while population increases
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bacterial defenses (2)
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unrecognizable receptor sites prevent bacteriophages from attaching
restriction enzymes immediate degrade the phage DNA when injected by the bacteriophage (restriction endonucleases) |
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Baltimore System:
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ANIMAL viruses, based on type of nucleic acid, then number of strands
6 classes |
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Class I
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double stranded DNA
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Class II
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single stranded DNA
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Class III
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double stranded RNA
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Vector
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organism that transmits a pathogen
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Class IV
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ssRNA that serves DIRECTLY as mRNA
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Class V
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ssRNA that serves as the TEMPLATE for mRNA synthesis
(more efficient than IV, everything being used) |
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Class VI
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ssRNA serves as a template for DNA synthesis (backwards)
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host cells for HIV
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helper T cells lymphocytes (specific white blood cells that communicate and direct the different types)
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infections that arise from HIV are called ______
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opportunistic infections
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HIV replication Part 1
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Capsid attaches
Releases RNA & transcriptase Tase catalyzes complimentary DNA for RNA. Completed Viral DNA is absorbed by nucleus as its own - proviral genes |
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HIV replication Part 2
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Proviral Genes copied and duplicated by mRNA
New viral RNA and transcriptase Capsid assembled around it New Virus buds off host |
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_______ ~ _______
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Prophage, Provirus
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3 proteins transcribed (HIV)
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capsid
glycoproteins transcriptase |
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HIV is a ______ virus
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retro
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structure of HIV (outside in)
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Envelope with glycoproteins
Enclosing a capsid Enclosing 2 identical strands of RNA and transcriptase |
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AIDS white blood cell count?
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Below 2000
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viroids
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circular RNA molecules, infect plants, no protein
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prions
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protein, no genetic, infect higher animals gives rise to spongy brain Beta Pleated - Alpha Helix as age
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prions will not
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denature at normal boiling temperatures (need about 1200º F)
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monera contains
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bacteria and cyanobacteria (autotrophs)
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comma shaped?
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vibrio
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cork screw shaped?
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spirochete
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colonies strictly
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coccus and bacillus
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tetra-
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cocci, 4
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strepto -
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chain
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staphylo
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grape like cluster
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long filaments (thread like arrangement)
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only cyanobacteria - boxy rectangular cells
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all prokaryotes have
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cell membrane, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, DNA, ribosomes
SOME have a capsule |
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plasmid
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additional DNA in bacteria (accessory genes)
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only way bacteria move
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flagella (most don't move)
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pili (fimbriae)
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hair like extensions used for attachment
-don't move -come with capsule |
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india staining
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type of differential staining that shows cell capsules against black background
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purpose of gram staining
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to identify composition of PATHOGENIC bacterial cell wall
-how much peptidoglycan |
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Procedure of gram staining
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-obtain culture
-apply crystal violet stain and rinse -apply safranin stain and rinse -apply fixture |
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gram positive
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violet - cell with with multiple layers of peptidoglycan
violet sticks and masks red |
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gram negative
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red - few layers of peptidoglycan
violet washed away |
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prokaryotic flagellum
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acts like a rotor, spinning to propel
-microfilaments |
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flagellum extending from only one end
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lophotrichous
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flagellum extending from both ends
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amphitrichous
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flagellum extending from any part of cell surface
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peritrichous
(perimeter) |
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endospore
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thick coated resistant cell produced by some bacilli under HARSH conditions
released upon lysis and waits until favorable conditions (exact DNA) |
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3 mechanisms of transfer of genetic material in bacteria
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transformation
transduction conjugation |
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transformation
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change in geno/phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by cell
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frederick griffith
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killed pathogenic S cells (streptococcus pneumoniae) took over nonpathogenic R cells
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transduction
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DNA transfer by bacteriophages
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conjugation
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direct transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined by a sex pilus (flagellum)
1 directional with flagellum = donor |
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photo-
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uses light for energy
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chemo
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uses organic/inorganic molecules for energy
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auto -
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uses carbon dioxide for Carbon
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hetero-
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uses organic compounds for carbon
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chemoautotroph
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uses inorganic chemicals for energy, CO2 for carbon
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chemoheterotroph
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uses organic compounds for energy and carbon
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biggest nutrition/metabolism category
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chemoheterotrophs
saprobes - source of organic compounds is nonliving/dead (decomposers) parasites - source of organic compounds is living |
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some chemoautotrophs
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methanogens - methane (inorganic because no O) is source of energy
sulfur fixing bacteria - sulfate source of energy |
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nitrogen fixing bacteria is a ___________ that breaks down ________ into a form __________ can use (__________)
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-chemoautotroph
-nitrogen (source of energy) -plants -heterocyst |
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photoautotroph example
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cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
photosynthetic bateria - anabaena |
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photoheterotrophs are
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extremely rare
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endosymbiotic theory
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plasma membranes infolds to form nuclear envelope and ER; aerobic/photosynthetic protists engulfed (mitochondrion/chloroplast)
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secondary endosymbiosis
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eukaryote plus eukaryote explains diverse protista (not as believed)
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lynn margulis
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endosymbiotic theory
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4 phylums of flagellated protists
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diplomonadida
parabasala kinetoplastida euglenophyta |
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diplomanadida
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2 equally sized nuclei
multiple flagella heterotrophic parasites anaerobic (mitochondria don't work) |
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giarda intestinalis
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diplomanad, causes dysentary
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parabasalids
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multiple flagella
heterotrophic parasites/mutualistic undulating membrane anaerobic (mitochondria don't work) |
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trichonympha
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parabasala, live in termites, digest cellulose (wood)
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kinestoplastida
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bi flagellated
heterotrophic parasites undulating membrane kinteoplast - organized mass of DNA contained within a large mitochondrion |
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trypanosoma
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kinetoplastid, causes sleeping sickness, strips Oxygen from Hemoglobin
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euglenophyta
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freshwater
bi flagellated mixotrophic - each can get energy from light/compounds -chloroplasts of chlorophylls -glucose stored as paramylon by pyrenoid -pellice - protein based covering -photoreceptive eyespot |
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know what thee things for autotrophic protists
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pigments, storage of glucose, body covering
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vestigial
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organ that no longer needs to be used (appendix)
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Alveolates 3 phylums, what in common?
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Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexa Ciliophora membrane bounds sacs (alveoli) that regulate water/ion balance |
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Dinoflagellata
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marine
2 flagella extending from perpendicular grooves cartenoid pigments 'armored' body (cellulose plates - dino) |
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peridinium
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dinoflagellate, mutual symbiont of coral reefs
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causes red tide
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pfiesteria (dinoflagellate)
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Apicomplexa
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parasite of vertebrates
complex life cycles within hosts/vectors (produce spores) apicoplast - non photosynthetic plastid for fatty acid synthesis |
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plasmodium vivax
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apicomplexa, causes malaria and carried by female
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life cycle of plasmodium
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mosquite bite releases sporozoites into human that replicate/divide into merozoites
merozoites infect red blood cells, reproduce in them gametocytes exit, picked up by new mosquito bite zygote forms and breaks in digestive tract, migrates to mouth |
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survive in pH <6
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acidophiles
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Ciliophora
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ciliated
macro/micro nucleus (micro for reproduction) contractive vacuoles performs conjugation |
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paramecium caudata
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ciliophora
large and shoe shaped, eat algae |
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life cycle of ciliophora
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line up and join
micro nuclei in each undergo meiosis, 4 haploid per result 3 per disappear, remaining undergoes mitosis and they swap two micro nuclei fuse to make a diploid, then 3 rounds of mitosis w/out cytokinesis 8 diploid micronuclei; four into macro nucleus (original macro disintegrates); cytokinesis, four rounds, 4 new cells (8 total including mate) |
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survive in 0-25º C
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psychrophiles
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survive in 25-45º C
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mesophiles
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survive in 45-100º C
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thermophiles
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most extremophiles are
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brightly colored
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survive in salt concentrations > than 3%
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halophiles
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must use oxygen for respiration/either/fermentation
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obligate aerobes/facultative anaerobes/obligate anaerobes
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relationship where two organisms co exist
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symbiosis
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both organisms benefit
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mutualism
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one organism benefits, second is not affected
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commensalism
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one organism benefits the second is harmed
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parasite
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bioremediation
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use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted ecosystems
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genetic engineering
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direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
inserted into plasmid |
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% pathogenic?
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5% of all bacteria
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tuberculosis
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mycobacterium tuberculosis
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cholera
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vibrio cholerae
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lyme disease
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borrelia burgdorferi
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syphilis
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treponema pallidum
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gonorrhea
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neisseria gonorrhoeae
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chlamydia
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chlamydia trochamatis
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anthrax
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bacillus anthracis (forms endospore)
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botulism (food poisoning, cans)
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clostridium botulinum (produces toxins)
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toxins released when bacteria die, gram?
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endotoxins, negative
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toxins released by living bacteria, gram?
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exotoxins, positive
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Stramenopiles, 4 Phyla?
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protists with reproductive cells possessing two flagella, hair and smooth
Oomycota - water molds Bacillariophyta - diatoms Chrysophyta - golden algae Phaeophyta - brown algae |
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Oomycota
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aquatic water molds
heterotrophic saprophytes asexual and sexual zoosporangia antherida (sperm) oogonia (egg) |
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caused irish potato famine?
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Phytophthora infestans, oomycota
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bacillariophyta
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non motile freshwater and marine diatoms
unique shapes/designs cell walls - silica (glass) Carotenoid pigments Glucose as Laminarin primary producers of aquatic food chain used as polishing/reflective agents |
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plankton
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anything microscopic living in water, plants of water, diatoms
"living in a glass house" |
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chrysophta
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golden algae
golden brown carotenoids some species mixotrophic |
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phaeophyta
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3rd largest (1500-2000)
brown algae (rock weeds and kelps) chlorophylls a, c, xanthophylls, and carotene glucose as laminarin cell walls of algin cold marine habitats used as thickening agents |
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three parts of seaweed?
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holdfast (root)
stipe (stem) blade (leaves) |
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Amoebozoans (4 Phyla)
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Use pseudopodia for movement and feed by phagocytosis
Gymnamoeba - free living Entamoeba - parasitic Myxogastrida - plasmodial slime molds Dictyostelida - cellular slime molds |
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Gymnamoeba
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naked/shelled free living amoebas
pseudopodia, phagocytosis large nucleus, numerous food vacuoles Amoeba proteus |
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Entamoeba
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parasitic amoebas
pseudopodia, phagocytosis |
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histolytica
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entamoeba, causes amebic dysentery through contaminated drinking water (3rd leading cause of death worldwide by a parasite)
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Myxogastrida
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plasmodial slime molds
bright yellow/orange terrestrial, heterotrophic unicellular but form a plasmodial mass 2 types of cytoplasm, gel (thick, reproduction) and sol |
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Dictyostelida
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cellular slime molds
terrestrial and heterotrophic aggregate, but don't fuse, move as slug, sorocarp |
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sorocarp
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reproductive sporangium produced (when dictyostelida aggregate)
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Rhodophyta
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red algae, 2nd largest (4000)
multicellular Chlorophylls A and D, phycobilins and carotenoids Glucose stored as Floridian Starch Warm tropical marine habitats cell walls of agar (sushi seaweed) |
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red algae exception
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watermelon snow - carotenoids in snow dwelling chlorophytes
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Chlorophyta
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green algae (biggest, 7000)
uni and multi (mostly uni) A, B, Xanthophyll, Carotene Glucose as Starch Cell walls of Cellulose freshwater/marine seaweeds reproduce through alternation of genes closest living ancestors to plants |
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chlamydomonas
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chlorophyta - chlamy means thick cell wall
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colonial/multicellular chlorophytes
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volvox - colonial, rolls
caulerpa - intertidal, multinucleul supercell ulva (sea lettuce) - regular seaweed |
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syngamy
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fusing of two nearly identical cells
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only phylum with multicellular organisms?
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brown/red/green algae
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