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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Science seeks to
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organize facts/knowledge
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Does science advance by proving hypotheses or falsifying them?
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It advances by falsifying them. You do not prove anything.
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Science provides _______ _______ for current events
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alternate explanations
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Science proposes _______ _______ to be tested
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explanatory hypotheses
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Steps in the Scientific Method
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Make an observation
Leads to a question Leads to creation of hypothesis Set up an experiment Have expected results and actual results Make a conclusion If hypothesis supported, ask a new question If hypothesis not supported, test alternate hypotheses |
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Inductive reasoning
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Combines a series (two or more) of specific observations to discern a general principle
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Deductive reasoning
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Uses a general principle to predict an expected observation
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Causal question
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A specific question with a specific answer
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Proximate questions
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How does something work?
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Ultimate questions
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Why does something work?
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Requirements for a hypothesis
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Is it testable?
Is it falsifiable? |
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Null hypothesis
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Hypothesis of no difference
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Alternate hypothesis
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Hypothesis of difference (uses different OR more OR less)
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independent variable
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treatment or category. this is what the experimenter changes
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dependent variable
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being counted or measured
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Control group
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factors held constant between groups. The control group does not receive the treatment
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How many variables do good experiments manipulate per experiment?
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Only 1
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What must an experiment be?
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Repeatable!
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What do you use to analyze data?
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Statistics
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What makes something statistically significant?
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95% rule
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What is a correlation?
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A relationship between 2 or more variables
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Are correlations controlled?
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No, another factor, C, could be influencing both A and B
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Primary literature
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The person who did experiment communicates the findings.
Undergo peer review Includes scientific journals, professional meetings, conferences |
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Secondary literature
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Not reviewed for accuracy/validity of method
Is reported by someone else Includes newspapers, magazines, etc. Interpretation may be incorrect |
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If we can't prove things in science, then where do facts come from?
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From the verification by multiple researchers each conducting the same experiment in the same manner
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Facts are repeated _______ _______
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measurable observations
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Theory
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an hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested by many independent researchers over many years but not yet rejected
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Dr. Jellen's definition of life
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any organism that experiences natural selection
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Life is intimately associated with what?
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Water
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How does water provide a suitable environment for life and its important processes?
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It is a universal solvent
It is used in transport It is used in chemical reactions It provides essential atoms |
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Molecules are comprised of _______
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elements
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Elements are comprised of _______
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atoms
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The particular number of _______ determines what element it is
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atoms
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Atoms are made up of what?
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Protons (+)
Neutrons (0) Electrons (-) |
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All life we know is what?
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Carbon-based
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What 4 life-essential elements does carbon readily bond with b/c of its electron configuration?
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Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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What are 4 of life's essential compounds?
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Carbs
Proteins Lipids (fat, steroids (hormones), phospholipids) Nucleic acids |
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What is the origin of the word carbohydrate?
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Carbon and water.
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Carbohydrates is a fancy word for what?
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Sugars
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What main two functions do carbohydrates provide?
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They are the primary source of energy
They serve a structural role (starch, cellulose) |
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Words that end in what indicate that it is a sugar?
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ose
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Examples of beneficial carbs
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fruits and veggies
brown rice pasta whole wheat bread |
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Examples of nutrient deficient carbs
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White rice
soda cake white bread |
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What is a protein?
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It is a linear chain of amino acids folded into a 3-D shape
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How many Amino Acids are there and what elements are they made of?
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20
made of C, H, N, and O |
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What functions do proteins provide?
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Structural component (fingernails)
Accelerate chemical reactions (enzymes) Form channels to allow large molecules to move in and out of a cell Can work together to perform specific function |
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Different combinations of amino acids produce different
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proteins
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What are lipids comprised of?
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Mainly C and H, but have some O molecules too
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3 important types of lipids
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Fats (triglycerides)
Steroids (hormones) Phospholipids |
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What do fats do?
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Store energy
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What do steroids (hormones) do?
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They have effects throughout the body and allow for communication
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What do phospholipids do?
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They form boundaries of cells and cell compartments
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What are nucleic acids comprised of?
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long strings of nucleotides
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Nucleotides are comprised of what 3 things?
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Sugar (ribose), phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base
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What do DNA and RNA stand for, respectively
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Deoxyribose nucleic acid
Ribose nucleic acid |
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Adenine goes with what in DNA?
Guanine goes with what in DNA? |
Thymine
Cytosine |
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Adenine goes with what in RNA?
Guanine goes with what in RNA? |
Uracil
Cytosine |
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What does DNA do?
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Houses the genetic info for all organisms
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Where is DNA stored?
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In the nucleus in all organisms except bacteria
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Cells are the
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fundamental structure of life
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Cells are isolated from the environment by what two things?
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A membrane and often an external wall
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What are the two types of cells?
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Prokaryotic (means "before seed")
Eukaryotic (means "true seed") |
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Characteristics of the plasma membrane
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it encloses the cell
it is semi-permeable |
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Function of cytosol (cytoplasm)
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it is the fluid matrix containing water, salts, and enzymes
it houses the nucleus and organelles |
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Function of the nucleus
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houses DNA in eukaryotic cells and produces ribosomes
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Function of the mitochondrian
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the "powerhouse" in cells that produce ATP
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Function of the chloroplast
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plants use sunlight to convert CO2 and H20 into carbs
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Function of the ribosome
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essential for protein synthesis
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Function of the lysosome
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Engulf and remove cellular waste
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We need to eat food to acquire raw materials necessary for what four things?
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growth
maintenance reproduction storage for later use |
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Function of nutrients
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to provide cells with structural materials and energy
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Macronutrients are required in
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large amounts
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Micronuterients are required in
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smaller amounts
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Examples of macronutrients
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water, carbs, proteins, fat, nucleic acids
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Example of micronutrients
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Vitamins and minerals (which are not an energy source)
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How many liters of water do we lose in a day?
And how much of our body is water? |
3 liters a day
66% water |
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What function does water serve in our body?
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It is involved in virtually all cellular processes
It disperses 02 and other nutrients thru the body It dissolves and transports waste products It is our body's cooling system (sweat) |
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Where are carbs stored?
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In chemical bonds. Breaking bonds releases energy
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Simple carbs
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sugars comprised of C, H, and O atoms
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Complex carbs
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multi-subunit sugars that are used to store energy for later use
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Does the body digest simple carbs or complex carbs more slowly?
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Complex carbs are digested more slowly
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What do plants store carbs as?
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Starch (often in the roots)
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What do animals store carbs as?
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glycogen
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Our bodies can synthesize many amino acids. Those that it cannot are called what?
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Essential amino acids
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Complete proteins are more often found in what than in what?
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More often found in meat than in plants
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What does a complete protein contain?
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All essential amino acids that the body requires
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What is the best energy source for the body?
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Fats
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In what two places is fat stored?
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On the surface of the muscle (as in chicken)
Within muscle tissue (as in red meat) |
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What is fat saturated with (if it is saturated)?
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hydrogen atoms
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Which fats are liquid at room temperature? Why?
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Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp
They are liquid b/c C-C double bonds make molecule kink and prevents the molecules from fitting together nicely |
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Which fats are solid at room temperature? Why?
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Saturated fats are solid at room temp
They are solid b/c these fat molecules lack C-C double bonds, do not have kinks, and therefore, fit together nicely |
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Why do mammals store fat just below their skin?
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insulation, warmth
energy lubricate organs |
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What happens to food when it is processed?
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It is stripped of many nutrients
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What is whole food?
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Food that hasn't been processed
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What does boiling do to food?
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It causes vitamins and minerals to leak out into the water
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The FDA does not require genetically engineered foods to be specifically labeled unless...
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shown to be harmful
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What is rBGH?
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It is bovine growth hormone that is banned in several countries. It is a Monsanto product approved by the FDA in 1993 that had no pre-market safety tests.
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What percentage of increase in milk production does rBGH provide?
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10-15%
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What negative things come from rBGH?
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Increased:
pus bacteria and lesions for cows (treated with antibiotics) IGF-1 production |
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What effect does IGF-1 have?
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It is ok in moderation for growing kids, but it is unhealthy for adults. It causes cells to increase more rapidly, which may lead to cancer.
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Are minerals organic or inorganic?
Are vitamins organic or inorganic? |
Minerals are inorganic (lack carbon)
Vitamins are organic (have carbon) |
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Properties of vitamins and minerals
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Required in trace amounts
They are fat or water soluble Most function as coenzymes |
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Enzymes are a _______ in a reaction
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catalyst
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What are catalysts? What do they do?
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They speed up reaction rates
They lower activation energy They are not consumed in a reaction |
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What do enzymes do for us?
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They help us quickly break down ingested food and liberate energy
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Which requires a higher activation energy? Catalyzed or uncatalyzed reactions?
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Uncatalyzed reactions require a higher activation energy
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Is there any difference in free energy between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions?
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NO
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What three things affect the passing speed of molecules through the plasma membrane?
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Size, shape, and charge
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Define diffusion
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the spontaneous movement of molecules from high to low concentration
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Passive transport
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molecules move w/their concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)
no energy is required |
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Active transport
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molecules move against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration)
Energy is required in the form of ATP |
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Obesity is a crisis in America, resulting from a combo of what three things?
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High-fat diets, unhealthful fod, and lack of exercise
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What two medical problems might obese patients face?
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They cant undergo chemo
Cant fit into MRI machines |
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Anorexia and bulimia affect roughly what % of American women?
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6-8%
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What % of women with anorexia/bulimia seek/receive treatment?
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2-3%
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A person with what will have a brain that looks similar to the brain of a person with anorexia?
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Dementia
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What negative health effects come from being anorexic/bulimic?
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Body starts eating itself
Organs get smaller and smaller until they can no longer function |
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Arguments that the climate is changing
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Past 9 years are in the top 25 highest
Glaciers are retreating more rapidly than ever Polar ice caps melting faster than ever Animal migration patterns and geographic ranges altering Plants emerging/blooming earlier More violent storms |
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Arguments that the climate is not changing
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There have always been long and short-term fluctuations
These changes are not due to anthropogenic (human) factors Inaccurate measurement devices |
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Describe manufacturing/labor prior to the early 1800s
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Labor was manual
There were draft (pulling) animals Not as many machines/emissions |
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Describe manufacturing/labor after the early 1800s
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The industrial revolution came about which caused:
population increase more CO2 emission more greenhouse gas emissions |
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Who is the leading greenhouse gas contributor in the world?
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US!
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Describe the greenhouse effect
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The sun shines down on the Earth, and the heat is reflected back into the atmosphere. Some of the heat is able to escape into space, but a layer of gases (like CO2 and water vapor and all that) traps some of the heat in the atmosphere, causing the Earth to warm up. As the layer gets thicker, more heat is trapped, causing the Earth to warm.
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Why is the population increase an increasing concern?
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The more people there are, the more energy we will need. The more CO2 emissions there will be
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What effect will melting polar ice caps and glaciers have?
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The sea level will rise (between 4-55 inches between now and 2100), which will cause hundreds of thousands of people to be evacuated
Because ice reflects more light than water, not as much light will be reflected into space, contributing further to warming water and a warming Earth |
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What are he effects of global climate change with regard to plants?
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They have longer growing seasons and leaf out earlier. They gain 1.9 days in the spring every 10 yrs. They gain 1.4 days in the Fall every 10 years.
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Many species have a narrow band of temps they can survive in. What do they do when temperatures get warmer?
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They move away from the equator and/or into higher elevations. The species may be forced to move so high that they run out of habitat.
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