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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spontaneous Generation
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A theory, widely held in the 19th century and earlier but now discredited, stating that living organisms could arise directly and rapidly from nonliving material. ALSO CALLED: Abiogenisis
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The Scientific Method
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A method of investigation in which a problem is first identified and observations, experiments, or other relevant data are then used to construct or test hypotheses that purport to solve it
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Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
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October 24, 1632 – August 26, 1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology
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Louis Pasteur
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was a French chemist and microbiologist who is well known for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization
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Gregor Mendel
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(July 20, 1822[1] – January 6, 1884) was a German-speaking Silesian scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics. Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.
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James Watson and Francis Crick
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Discovered of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1953 and won the Nobel Prize.
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Homeostasis
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the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of properties such as temperature or pH.
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Classification
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A human construct for grouping organisms into hierarchical categories. The most inclusive categories of any classification scheme are called kingdoms, which are delimited so that organisms within a single kingdom are more related to each other than to organisms grouped in the other kingdoms.
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Metabolism
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Characteristic of Life. The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.
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Growth
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Characteristic of Life. Occurs at all levels, from cell, to organ, to whole organism.
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Evolution
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Change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals, and resulting in the development of new species.
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Response to Environment
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Characteristic of LIfe. May be behavioral or physiological.
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Reproduction
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The sexual or asexual process by which organisms generate new individuals of the same kind; procreation.
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Water
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Takes part in metabolic reactions, good solvent for inorganic and small organic substances, used as a medium for transportation, used as a medium for chemical reaction, provides turgidity and buoyancy, decreases body temperature by evaporation, necessary for secretion, medium for fertilization in mammals. ALSO: Hydrogen bonds, solid less dense than liquid, attracts polar repels nonpolar
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Carbohydrates
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Any of a large class of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually with twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon or oxygen atoms. Are produced in green plants by photosynthesis and serve as a major energy source in animal diets. Examples include sugars, starches and cellulose.
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Monosaccharides
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Any of several carbohydrates, such as tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses, that cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis. Also called simple sugar.
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Disaccharides
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Any of a class of sugars, including lactose and sucrose, that are composed of two monosaccharides.
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Polysaccharides
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Any of a class of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose, consisting of a number of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds.
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Glycosidic Bonds
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a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
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Protiens
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large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acids.
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Amino Acids
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biologically important organic compounds made from amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid.
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Protein Structure
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The shape of a protein. Four levels determine this.
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Lipids
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Main biological functions include energy storage, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes
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C55H98O6
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Triglyceride Chemical Forumula
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Saturated Fats
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fat that consists of triglycerides containing only fatty acids that have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully drenched with hydrogen atoms.
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Polyunsaturated Fats
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triglycerides in which the hydrocarbon tails are made up of of fatty acids possessing more than a single carbon–carbon double bond, and the molecules contain less than the maximum amount of hydrogen
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Monounsaturated Fats
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fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all of the remainder of the carbon atoms in the chain are single-bonded.
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Phospholipids
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A class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers
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Steroids
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lipid-based hormones which are related to the four-ring structure of cholesterol separated by their functional groups or side goups
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Nucleic Acids
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The most important biological macromolecules; each is found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information.
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Nucleotides
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biological molecules that form the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and serve to carry packets of energy within the cell (ATP)
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
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is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
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Family of large biological molecules that perform multiple vital roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. assembled as a chain of nucleotides and is usually single-stranded.
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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Often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.
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Enzymes
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Large biological molecules that act as highly selective catalysts, greatly accelerating both the rate and specificity of metabolic reactions
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Modern Cell Theory
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That new cells are formed from other existing cells, and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organization in all living organisms.
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Muscle cells challenge the idea that a cell has one nucleus. Fungal Cells challenge the idea that a cell is a single unit. Protoctista challenge the idea that a cell is specialised to a single function because it can carry out all functions of life.
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Modern Cell Theory Exceptions
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Prokaryotes
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a group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus
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Eukaryote
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an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.
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Plant Cells
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eukaryotic cells that contain - a large central vacuole, a cell wall composed of cellulose, plasmodesmata, plastids (chloroplast), use of a phragmoplast as a template for cell division etc.
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Cell Membrane
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a very thin membrane, composed of lipids and protein, that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
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Glycocalyx
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general term referring to extracellular polymeric material (glycoprotein)produced by some bacteria, epithelia and other cells (for example slime on outside of fish)
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Cytoplasm and Cytosol
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Cell Organelles
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Nucleus
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Nucleoulus
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Chromosomes
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Centriole
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Centromere
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Centrosome
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Mitochondria
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Golgi Bodies
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Ribosome
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Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum
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Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum
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Chloroplasts
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Cell Communication
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Junctions
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Action Potential
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Types of Cell Signaling
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Cell Motility
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Photosynthesis
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Reactants
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Products
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Light-Dependent Reaction
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Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
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Cyclic Photophosphorylation
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Calvin Cycle
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Carbon Fixation
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RuBisCO
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RuBP
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Chloroplasts
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Thylakoids
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Chemiosmotic Theory
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The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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Transcription - Initiation
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Transcription - Elongation
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Transcription - Termination
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DNA vs. RNA
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RNA Processing
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Translation
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Translation - Initiation
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Translation- Elongation
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Translation - Termination
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Posttranslational Processing
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Regulation of Gene Expression
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Prokaryotic Regulation of Gene Expression
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Eukaryotic Regulation of Gene Expression
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Cellular Energy
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Glycolysis
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Aerobic Respiration
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Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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ATP Produced (Yields)
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Alcoholic Fermentation
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Molecular Genetics
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Mendelian Genetics
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DNA Replication
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Initiation of DNA Replication
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Okazaki Fragments
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Replication Forks
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DNA Recombination
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Homologous Recombination
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Holliday Junction
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Molecular Genetics of Viruses
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Molecular Genetics of Bacteria
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Viral Lytic Life Cycle
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Viral Lysogenic Life Cycle
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Bacterial Conjugation
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Bacterial Transformation
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Bacterial Transduction
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Recombinant DNA
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Cell Cycle
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Interphases
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S Phase
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Regulation of Cell Control
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Mitosis
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Meiosis 1
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Meiosis 2
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Cytokinesis
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Adaptation
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An alteration or adjustment in structure or habits, often hereditary, by which a species or individual improves its condition in relationship to its environment.
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hydrolysis
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chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by reacting with water.
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primary structure of a protein
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the linear arrangement, or sequence, of amino acid residues that constitute the polypeptide chain.
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Secondary structure of a protien
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local folding of a polypeptide chain into regular structures including the α helix, β sheet, and U-shaped turns and loops.
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Tertiary structure of a protien
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overall three-dimensional form of a polypeptide chain, which is stabilized by multiple noncovalent interactions between side chains.
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α helix
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a spiral, rodlike structure
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β sheet,
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a planar structure composed of alignments of two or more β strands, which are relatively short, fully extended segments of the backbone
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Triglyceride
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an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. As a blood lipid, they help enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver
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Glycerol
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central to all lipids, soluble in water, and is hygroscopic.
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C3H8O3
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Glycerol Chemical Formula
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Hygroscopic
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the ability of a substance to attract and hold water molecules from the surrounding environment.
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phospholipid bilayer
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a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around cells.
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.
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nucleoside triphosphates
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ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP. A= adenine, G= Guanine, C=Cytosine, U= Uracil. (T = Thymine [used in DNA]) Used in cell signaling, energy transfer, and metabolism.
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Characteristics of Life
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a. metabolism which includes respiration the synthesis of ATP.
b. response to a change in the environment c. homeostasis the maintenance and regulation of internal cell conditions. d. growth which for a unicellular organism means an increase in cell size and volume. e. reproduction which for the unicellular organism is largely asexual through cell division to form a clone. f. nutrition which means either the synthesis of organic molecules or the absorption of organic matter. |
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Plasmodesmata
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microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them
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Phragmoplast
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a plant cell specific structure that forms during late cytokinesis. It serves as a scaffold for cell plate assembly and subsequent formation of a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells.
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Tonicity
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a measure of the osmotic pressure gradient of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. It is commonly used when describing the response of cells immersed in an external solution.
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hypertonic
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more outside the cell than in (water moves out of the cell)
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hypotonic
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more inside the cell than out (water moves in to the cell)
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isotonic
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equal outside the cell and inside the cell (water goes both directions)
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iso
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same
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hypo
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less
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hyper
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more
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